Contributors
Contributing Editors
Gary M. Burge
Calvin Theological Seminary
PhD, University of Aberdeen
J. Scott Duvall
Ouachita Baptist University
PhD, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
J. Daniel Hays
Ouachita Baptist University
PhD, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Andrew E. Hill
Wheaton College
PhD, University of Michigan
Tremper Longman III
Westmont College
PhD, Yale University
Consulting Editor
Adam Barr
Peace Church
MTh, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School; MDiv, Western Theological Seminary
Study Notes and Book Introductions
The following scholars were the primary contributors for the study notes and book introductions. The material has been edited and in some cases abridged, so that the final form of the notes are a collaborative product. The book overview in the introduction to each book is often based on material by J. Daniel Hays (Old Testament) or J. Scott Duvall (New Testament).
GENESIS
Victor P. Hamilton
Asbury University
PhD, Brandeis University
EXODUS
Elaine Phillips
Gordon College
PhD, The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning
LEVITICUS, NUMBERS
Roy E. Gane
Andrews University
PhD, University of California, Berkeley
DEUTERONOMY
Walter C. Kaiser Jr.
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
PhD, Brandeis University
JOSHUA AND JUDGES
Gregory T. K. Wong
Evangel Seminary
PhD, University of Edinburgh
RUTH
Donna Lee Petter
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
PhD, University of Toronto
1–2 SAMUEL
Herbert M. Wolf†
Wheaton College
PhD, Brandeis University
Robert D. Holmstedt
University of Toronto
PhD, University of Wisconsin–Madison
1–2 KINGS
Keith Bodner
Crandall University
PhD, University of Aberdeen
1–2 CHRONICLES
Mark J. Boda
McMaster Divinity College
PhD, University of Cambridge
EZRA–NEHEMIAH
Mervin Breneman
ProMETA
PhD, Brandeis University
ESTHER
Hélène Dallaire
Denver Seminary
PhD, Hebrew Union College
JOB
Daniel J. Estes
Cedarville University
PhD, University of Cambridge
PSALMS
Barry C. Davis
Multnomah Biblical Seminary
PhD, Trinity International University
PROVERBS, ECCLESIASTES
Richard L. Schultz
Wheaton College
PhD, Yale University
SONG OF SONGS
Edward M. Curtis
Talbot School of Theology
PhD, University of Pennsylvania
ISAIAH
Willem A. VanGemeren
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
PhD, University of Wisconsin
JEREMIAH, LAMENTATIONS
Elmer A. Martens†
Mennonite Brethren Biblical Seminary
PhD, Claremont Graduate School
EZEKIEL
Victor P. Hamilton
Asbury University
PhD, Brandeis University
DANIEL
Willem A. VanGemeren
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
PhD, University of Wisconsin
HOSEA
Gary V. Smith
Union University
PhD, The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning
JOEL
Sheri L. Klouda
Taylor University
PhD, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
AMOS
Gary V. Smith
Union University
PhD, The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning
OBADIAH
Andrew E. Hill
Wheaton College
PhD, University of Michigan
JONAH
Sheri L. Klouda
Taylor University
PhD, Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
MICAH
Tremper Longman III
Westmont College
PhD, Yale University
NAHUM
Hermann J. Austel†
Northwest Baptist Seminary
PhD, University of California, Los Angeles
HABAKKUK
R. D. Patterson
Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary
PhD, University of California, Los Angeles
ZEPHANIAH
Willem A. VanGemeren
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
PhD, University of Wisconsin
HAGGAI, ZECHARIAH
Hermann J. Austel†
Northwest Baptist Seminary
PhD, University of California, Los Angeles
MALACHI
Willem A. VanGemeren
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
PhD, University of Wisconsin
MATTHEW
Jeannine K. Brown
Bethel Seminary San Diego
PhD, Luther Seminary
MARK
James R. Edwards
Whitworth University
PhD, Fuller Theological Seminary
LUKE
Thomas R. Schreiner
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
PhD, Fuller Theological Seminary
JOHN
Gary M. Burge
Calvin Theological Seminary
PhD, University of Aberdeen
ACTS
David W. Pao
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
PhD, Harvard University
ROMANS
Eckhard J. Schnabel
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
PhD, University of Aberdeen
A. Chadwick Thornhill*
Liberty University School of Divinity
PhD, Liberty University
1–2 CORINTHIANS
James A. Davis
Fuller Theological Seminary
PhD, Nottingham University
GALATIANS
Scott E. McClelland
South University
PhD, University of Edinburgh
A. Chadwick Thornhill*
Liberty University School of Divinity
PhD, Liberty University
EPHESIANS
Richard J. Erickson
Fuller Theological Seminary Northwest
PhD, Fuller Theological Seminary
PHILIPPIANS
Janet Meyer Everts
Hope College
PhD, Duke University
COLOSSIANS
Lynn H. Cohick
Wheaton College
PhD, University of Pennsylvania
1–2 THESSALONIANS
Gene L. Green
Wheaton College
PhD, University of Aberdeen
1–2 TIMOTHY, TITUS
Reggie M. Kidd
Reformed Theological Seminary
PhD, Duke University
PHILEMON
V. Henry T. Nguyen
Loyola Marymount University
PhD, University of Aberdeen
HEBREWS
Robert S. Rayburn
Faith Presbyterian Church, Tacoma, WA
PhD, University of Aberdeen
JAMES
A. Chadwick Thornhill*
Liberty University School of Divinity
PhD, Liberty University
1 PETER
Stephen Motyer
London School of Theology
PhD, London School of Theology
2 PETER
Peter H. Davids
Houston Graduate School of Theology
PhD, University of Manchester
1–3 JOHN
Paul N. Anderson
George Fox University
PhD, Glasgow University
JUDE
Peter H. Davids
Houston Graduate School of Theology
PhD, University of Manchester
REVELATION
Max J. Lee
North Park Theological Seminary
PhD, Fuller Theological Seminary
* Edited and abridged study notes
Articles
T. Desmond Alexander, PhD
Union Theological College
Hardening Pharaoh’s Heart
Paul N. Anderson, PhD
George Fox University
The Identity of the Antichrist
John A. Beck, PhD
Jerusalem University College
A Harmony of the Gospels; Holy Days and Celebrations; New Testament Time Line; Old Testament Time Line; Old Testament Weapons
Kenneth A. Berding, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Spiritual Gifts
Robert Bergen, PhD
Hannibal LaGrange University
Skin Disease in the Old Testament
Michael F. Bird, PhD
Ridley College
The Lord’s Prayer
David L. Bland, PhD
Harding School of Theology
Traits of the Wise
Darrell L. Bock, PhD
Dallas Theological Seminary
Jesus’s Postresurrection Appearances; Was the Resurrection of Jesus a Fabrication of the Early Church?
Keith Bodner, PhD
Crandall University
Solomon and the Regulations of the King in Deuteronomy 17
Mervin Breneman, PhD
ProMETA
Nehemiah, Example of a Godly Leader; Social Injustice in the Old Testament; Who Was Living in the Land When the Jews Returned from Exile?
Jeannine K. Brown, PhD
Bethel Seminary San Diego
Contextualizing the Message; Matthew’s Trial Scene and the Responsibility for Jesus’s Death
Gary M. Burge, PhD
Calvin Theological Seminary
The Dating of the Last Supper in John and the Synoptic Gospels; The Festival of Dedication; The Gospels and Acts: Introduction; John 21 and the Editing of John’s Gospel; The Letters and Revelation: Introduction; What Happened between the Two Testaments?
David B. Capes, PhD
Houston Baptist University
Early Christian Hymns; Honor and Shame; Paul’s Coworkers
M. Daniel Carroll R., PhD
Denver Seminary
Old Testament Ethics
Robbie Fox Castleman, DMin
John Brown University
The City of Corinth; Women in the Greco-Roman World
Jeff Cate, PhD
California Baptist University
Slavery in the New Testament; The Synagogue in the Ancient World
Lynn H. Cohick, PhD
Wheaton College
The City of Rome; The Greco-Roman Family and the Household of God; The Colossians and the Hymn to Christ; Roman Citizenship
Bruce Corley, ThD
B. H. Carroll Theological Institute
The Trial(s) of Jesus
Edward M. Curtis, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Song of Songs and Sexual Morality; The Teacher’s Search for an Upright Woman
John C. DelHousaye, PhD
Phoenix Seminary
Christ the King
Joseph R. Dodson, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
Discipleship in the New Testament; Jesus the Teacher; Roman Soldiers in the New Testament; Scribes in the New Testament
J. Scott Duvall, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
The Beginning and the End; Faith and Works in James 2:24 and Galatians 2:15–16; From Genesis to Revelation; The Grand Story of the Bible; How to Read, Interpret, and Apply the Bible; Jesus’s Seven Last Words from the Cross; Millennialism; Seals, Trumpets, and Bowls
James R. Edwards, PhD
Whitworth University
The Endings of Mark
Walter A. Elwell, PhD
Wheaton College
The Historical Writings: Introduction; The New Testament: Introduction; The Old Testament: Introduction; The Pentateuch: Introduction; The Prophetic Books: Introduction
Archie England, PhD
New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
Sacrifices in the Old Testament
Daniel J. Estes, PhD
Cedarville University
“I Know That My Redeemer Lives”; The Retribution Principle and the Sovereignty of God
Janet Meyer Everts, PhD
Hope College
Philippi: The City and the Church
Roy E. Gane, PhD
Andrews University
The Day of Atonement and God’s Justice; How Accurate Are the Census Figures in Numbers?
Greg Goswell, PhD
Christ College
Genealogies
Bradley Gregory, PhD
Catholic University of America
Exile
Michael Grisanti, PhD
The Master’s Seminary
The Ten Commandments
George H. Guthrie, PhD
Regent College
God’s Power in Weakness; The Jewish High Priest; Triumphal Procession; Warning Passages in Hebrews
Kevin Hall, PhD
Oklahoma Baptist University
False Prophecy in the Old Testament
Justin K. Hardin, PhD
Wycliffe Hall, Oxford University
The Sign of Circumcision
Matthew S. Harmon, PhD
Grace College and Theological Seminary
Sin in the Bible
J. Daniel Hays, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
Apocalyptic Literature; Babylon in Prophecy; The Book of the Twelve; Comparing Rahab and Achan; The Covenants of the Bible; Elijah and John the Baptist; Everything Is Futile!; The Four Kingdoms in Daniel 2 and 7; The Grand Story of the Bible; The Hethites and the Hittites; How Do We Determine the Dates for the Events in the Old Testament?; How Tall Is Goliath?; How to Read, Interpret, and Apply the Bible; Jesus and the Reversal of Jeremiah’s Curses; The Laments of Jeremiah; Light to the Gentiles; The Morality of the Conquest of Canaan; Parallel Days of Creation in Genesis 1; The Postexilic Prophets; The Psalms and the Messiah; The Servant Songs of Isaiah; Sorcery and Divination; Theophany: A Direct Encounter with God; The Two Primary Names for God in the Old Testament; What Happened to the Ark of the Covenant?; Where Should the Book of Ruth Be Placed?; Who Are the Cushites?; Who Is Gog, and Where Is Magog?
Larry R. Helyer, PhD
Taylor University
The House of Herod; The Sanhedrin
Andrew E. Hill, PhD
Wheaton College
The Poetic Books: Introduction
Douglas S. Huffman, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Martyrdom in the New Testament and the Early Church; Persecution in the Early Church
Paul Jackson, PhD
Union University
The Destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70
Scott Jackson, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
The House Church
Karen H. Jobes, PhD
Wheaton College
Household Codes
James L. Johns, PhD
Houston Baptist University
Alexander’s Successors and the Maccabees
Craig S. Keener, PhD
Asbury Theological Seminary
The Holy Spirit in the New Testament; Jewish Marriage and Wedding Customs
Bobby Kelly, PhD
Oklahoma Baptist University
The Family of Jesus; Women Followers of Jesus
William W. Klein, PhD
Denver Seminary
Stoicheia (“Elements”) in the New Testament
John F. Klem, ThD
Creekside Church Tampa
Blessings and Curses; Worship in the Bible
Max J. Lee, PhD
North Park Theological Seminary
Seven Churches of Revelation 2–3
Tremper Longman III, PhD
Westmont College
Holy War in the Old Testament; Wisdom in the Ancient Near East
Jonathan M. Lunde, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Herod’s Temple; The Samaritans
Steven Mason, PhD
LeTourneau University
Who Wrote the Pentateuch?
Thomas H. McCall, PhD
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
The Deity and Humanity of Christ
Jeffrey Monk, PhD
Cairn University
God’s Marriage to His People
Douglas J. E. Nykolaishen, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
The Assyrian Empire; The Babylonian Empire; The Persian Kings
Steven M. Ortiz, PhD
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
The Jerusalem Temple
Grant R. Osborne, PhD
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
The Greco-Roman Religious Setting of the New Testament
David W. Pao, PhD
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
From Jerusalem to the End of the Earth; The Ruling of the Jerusalem Council
C. Marvin Pate, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
The Kingdom of God in the Old Testament
R. D. Patterson, PhD
Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary
“The Righteous One Will Live by His Faith”
Nicholas Perrin, PhD
Wheaton College
Eternal Life; Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus
Elaine Phillips, PhD
Gordon College
The Detestable Acts of Sodom and Gomorrah; The Ten Plagues
Jesse Rainbow, PhD
University of Houston
The Persian Empire
Brian M. Rapske, PhD
Northwest Baptist Seminary
Roman Prisons; Shipping in the Ancient World
Rodney Reeves, PhD
Southwest Baptist University
Jesus the Servant; Jesus as the Son of Man
E. Randolph Richards, PhD
Palm Beach Atlantic University
The Jerusalem Collection; Paul the Letter Writer; Roman Names and “Saul—Also Called Paul”
Eckhard J. Schnabel, PhD
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
The Privileges of Israel; The “Weak in Faith” in Romans 14:1–15:6; Will “All Israel” Be Saved?
Richard L. Schultz, PhD
Wheaton College
Proverbs and the Instruction of Amenemope
George Schwab, PhD
Erskine Theological Seminary
The Roles of Women in the Old Testament
Boyd V. Seevers, PhD
University of Northwestern—St. Paul
Old Testament Fortifications
Mark A. Seifrid, PhD
Concordia Seminary, St. Louis
Justification by Faith; Law and Grace in Paul’s Letters
Timothy Senapatiratne, PhD
Bethel Seminary
Completing the Conquest of Canaan
Jerry Shepherd, PhD
Taylor Seminary
The Prostitution of Israel
Joe M. Sprinkle, PhD
Crossroads College
Hittite Treaties and the Structure of Deuteronomy
Todd D. Still, PhD
George W. Truett Theological Seminary
Who or What Is the Restrainer in 2 Thessalonians?; Work and the Thessalonian Christians
Mark L. Strauss, PhD
Bethel Seminary San Diego
Jewish Sabbath Observances; An Overview of the Life of Christ; The Twelve Disciples of Jesus
W. Dennis Tucker Jr., PhD
George W. Truett Theological Seminary
Music in the Old Testament
Preben Vang, PhD
George W. Truett Theological Seminary
The Incarnation; Jesus and the Kingdom of God; The Virgin Birth
Willem A. VanGemeren, PhD
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Interpreting the Vision in Daniel 9:24–27; “The Year of the LORD’S Favor”
Ray Van Neste, PhD
Union University
Church Leaders in the New Testament; False Teachers in the Early Church
John H. Walton, PhD
Wheaton College
Other Flood Accounts in the Ancient Near East
Joel Williams, PhD
Cedarville University
God as Light and Love; Hospitality in the Johannine Epistles
Matthew C. Williams, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
“I Am” Sayings of Jesus; Mary, Martha, and Lazarus; Seven Signs in John’s Gospel; The Synoptic Problem
Dan Wilson, PhD
California Baptist University
The Crucifixion of Jesus
Mark W. Wilson, DLitt et Phil
Asia Minor Research Center
The City of Ephesus; The Cult of Artemis; The Imperial Cult in the Book of Revelation; Numbers in Revelation
Gregory T. K. Wong, PhD
Evangel Seminary, Hong Kong
The Minor Judges versus the Major Judges; Samson as a Microcosm of Israel; The Spies’ Promise to Rahab
Definitions
Gregg R. Allison, PhD
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Stephen J. Andrews, PhD
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Sarah-Jane Austin, ThM
Karelynne Gerber Ayayo, ThD
Palm Beach Atlantic University
Deron Biles, PhD
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Michael F. Bird, PhD
Ridley College
Tony Bird, PhD
Presbyterian Theological College
David L. Bland, PhD
Harding School of Theology
Art Boulet, graduate studies
Norah Caudill, PhD
Bethel Seminary; Fuller Theological Seminary
Rosalind S. Clarke
Church Society
Bill Coe, MATS
Southwestern College
Rob Dalrymple, PhD
Northminster Presbyterian Church
John A. Davies, PhD
Christ College
John C. DelHousaye, PhD
Phoenix Seminary
Joseph R. Dodson, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
Jason Driesbach, PhD
Independent Researcher
Ben C. Dunson, PhD
Reformed Theological Seminary
J. Scott Duvall, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
James R. Edwards, PhD
Whitworth University
Seth Ehorn, PhD
Wheaton College; Knox Theological Seminary
Paul S. Evans, PhD
McMaster Divinity College
Charles Farhadian, PhD
Westmont College
Jerad File
Redeemer Baptist Church
David Firth, PhD
Trinity College, Bristol
Daniel Fletcher, PhD
Amridge University
Douglas W. Geringer
Biola University
Greg Goswell, PhD
Christ College
Scott Gray, DMin studies
First Baptist Church of Mesquite
Bradley Gregory, PhD
Catholic University of America
David P. Griffin, PhD studies
Norris Grubbs, PhD
New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
Joel Hamme, PhD
William Carey International University
Micah Haney, PhD studies
Azusa Pacific University
Matthew S. Harmon, PhD
Grace College and Theological Seminary
J. Daniel Hays, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
N. Blake Hearson, PhD
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Tim Henderson, PhD
Bethel University; Bethel Seminary
Renate Viveen Hood, PhD
University of Mary Hardin-Baylor
Douglas S. Huffman, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Scott Hummel, PhD
William Carey University
David Jackson, PhD
William Carey Christian School
Scott Jackson, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
Joshua T. James, PhD
The Restoration Project
Stephen Janssen, PhD
Christine Jones, PhD
Carson-Newman University
Joanne J. Jung, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Thomas Keene, PhD
Westminster Theological Seminary; Christ the King Presbyterian Church
Shane B. Kelly, JD
Wiley Rein LLP
Dongsu Kim, PhD
Nyack College
JinKyu Kim, PhD
Baekseok University
Koowon Kim, PhD
Reformed Theological Seminary in Seoul
Yoon-Hee Kim, PhD
Torch Trinity Graduate School of Theology
John F. Klem, ThD
Creekside Church Tampa
Sheri Klouda, PhD
Taylor University
Will J. Kynes, PhD
Whitworth University
Brian Labosier, PhD
Charlton Baptist Church
David T. Lamb, DPhil
Biblical Seminary
Bernon Lee, PhD
Bethel University
Peter Y. Lee, PhD
Reformed Theological Seminary
Michelle Lee-Barnewall, PhD
Biola University
Thomas G. Lengyel, MDiv
Summer Street Church
Stephen J. Lennox, PhD
Indiana Wesleyan University
Darian Lockett, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Tremper Longman III, PhD
Westmont College
Nathan Patrick Love, PhD
Ambrose Seminary
Melinda G. Loyd, MA
Sun Myung Lyu, PhD
Korean Presbyterian Church of Ann Arbor
Robert G. Maccini, PhD
Independent Scholar
Thor Madsen, PhD
Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Steven Thatcher Mann, PhD
Azusa Pacific University
Steven Mason, PhD
LeTourneau University
Nathan Mastnjak
Indiana University
Andrew Mbuvi, PhD
Shaw University Divinity School
Walter McConnell, PhD
OMF
Susan Michaelson, MDiv
St. Joseph’s University
Eric A. Mitchell, PhD
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
James Mohler†, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Jeffrey Monk, PhD
Cairn University
Erika Moore, PhD
Trinity School for Ministry
Kathleen Murray, ThM studies
Neil Newman, MDiv
Steven M. Ortiz, PhD
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Duk Joon Park, PhD
C. Marvin Pate, PhD
Ouachita Baptist University
Elaine Phillips, PhD
Gordon College
Leong Cheng Michael Phua, PhD
Singapore Bible College
Bill Pickut, PhD
Hinduja Global Solutions
Timothy Pierce, PhD
Woodland Heights Baptist Church; B. H. Carroll Theological Institute
Jesse Rainbow, PhD
University of Houston
Hulisani Ramantswana, PhD
University of South Africa
Melissa D. Ramos
George Fox University
Cristian Rata, PhD
Torch Trinity Graduate School of Theology
Tiberius G. Rata, PhD
Grace College and Theological Seminary
David Redelings, PhD
Bethel Seminary San Diego
Rodney Reeves, PhD
Southwest Baptist University
E. Randolph Richards, PhD
Palm Beach Atlantic University
Andrew J. Schmutzer, PhD
Moody Bible Institute
George Schwab, PhD
Boyd V. Seevers, PhD
University of Northwestern—St. Paul
Erskine Theological Seminary
Timothy Senapatiratne, PhD
Bethel Seminary
Jerry Shepherd, PhD
Taylor Seminary
Martin Shields, PhD
University of Sydney
Benjamin C. Shin, DMin
Talbot School of Theology
Ian Smith, PhD
Christ College
Robert S. Snow, PhD
Ambrose University College
Bradley J. Spencer, PhD studies
John Michael Stanley, MDiv
Grace Brethren Church
Mark L. Strauss, PhD
Bethel Seminary San Diego
Brian Tabb, PhD
Bethlehem College and Seminary
Dieudonne Tamfu, PhD
Jubilee Community Church; Bethlehem College & Seminary
W. Franklin Thomason II, PhD studies
Karyn Traphagen, PhD studies
Cephas Tushima, PhD
Jos ECWA Theological Seminary
Preben Vang, PhD
George W. Truett Theological Seminary
Andrew E. Walton, PhD studies
Daniel R. Watson, PhD
Indianapolis Theological Seminary
Kenneth C. Way, PhD
Talbot School of Theology
Brian L. Webster, PhD
Dallas Theological Seminary
Paul D. Wegner, PhD
Gateway Seminary
Forrest Weiland, PhD
Veritas Evangelical Seminary; Zaporozhye Bible College and Seminary
Joshua Williams, PhD
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Daniel Willson, DMin
Fremont Presbyterian Church
Michael Woodcock, PhD
First Baptist Church of North Hollywood
Michael Yankoski, PhD studies
Stephen Young, PhD
Appalachian State University
Jason Zan, MA
Independent Archaeologist