Revelation 1
Prologue
1The revelation from Jesus Christ, which God gavea him to show his servants what must soon take place.b He made it known by sending his angelc to his servant John,d 2who testifies to everything he saw—that is, the word of Gode and the testimony of Jesus Christ.f 3Blessed is the one who reads aloud the words of this prophecy, and blessed are those who hear it and take to heart what is written in it,g because the time is near.h
Greetings and Doxology
4John,
To the seven churchesi in the province of Asia:
Grace and peace to youj from him who is, and who was, and who is to come,k and from the seven spirits,l before his throne, 5and from Jesus Christ, who is the faithful witness,m the firstborn from the dead,n and the ruler of the kings of the earth.o
To him who loves usp and has freed us from our sins by his blood,q 6and has made us to be a kingdom and priestsr to serve his God and Fathers—to him be glory and power for ever and ever! Amen.t
7“Look, he is coming with the clouds,”,u
and “every eye will see him,
even those who pierced him”;v
and all peoples on earth “will mournw because of him.”
So shall it be! Amen.
8“I am the Alpha and the Omega,”x says the Lord God, “who is, and who was, and who is to come,y the Almighty.”z
John’s Vision of Christ
9I, John,a your brother and companion in the sufferingb and kingdomc and patient enduranced that are ours in Jesus, was on the island of Patmos because of the word of Gode and the testimony of Jesus.f 10On the Lord’s Dayg I was in the Spirit,h and I heard behind me a loud voice like a trumpet,i 11which said: “Write on a scroll what you seej and send it to the seven churches:k to Ephesus,l Smyrna,m Pergamum,n Thyatira,o Sardis,p Philadelphiaq and Laodicea.”r Article: Violence in Revelation
12I turned around to see the voice that was speaking to me. And when I turned I saw seven golden lampstands,s 13and among the lampstandst was someone like a son of man,,u dressed in a robe reaching down to his feetv and with a golden sash around his chest.w 14The hair on his head was white like wool, as white as snow, and his eyes were like blazing fire.x 15His feet were like bronze glowing in a furnace,y and his voice was like the sound of rushing waters.z 16In his right hand he held seven stars,a and coming out of his mouth was a sharp, double-edged sword.b His face was like the sunc shining in all its brilliance.
17When I saw him, I fell at his feetd as though dead. Then he placed his right hand on mee and said: “Do not be afraid.f I am the First and the Last.g 18I am the Living One; I was dead,h and now look, I am alive for ever and ever!i And I hold the keys of death and Hades.j
19“Write, therefore, what you have seen,k what is now and what will take place later. 20The mystery of the seven stars that you saw in my right handl and of the seven golden lampstandsm is this: The seven stars are the angels of the seven churches,n and the seven lampstands are the seven churches.o
Revelation 2
To the Church in Ephesus
1“To the angel of the church in Ephesusa write:
These are the words of him who holds the seven stars in his right handb and walks among the seven golden lampstands.c 2I know your deeds,d your hard work and your perseverance. I know that you cannot tolerate wicked people, that you have testede those who claim to be apostles but are not, and have found them false.f 3You have persevered and have endured hardships for my name,g and have not grown weary.
4Yet I hold this against you: You have forsaken the love you had at first.h 5Consider how far you have fallen! Repenti and do the things you did at first. If you do not repent, I will come to you and remove your lampstandj from its place. 6But you have this in your favor: You hate the practices of the Nicolaitans,k which I also hate.
7Whoever has ears, let them hearl what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who is victorious,m I will give the right to eat from the tree of life,n which is in the paradiseo of God. Photo
To the Church in Smyrna
8“To the angel of the church in Smyrnap write:
These are the words of him who is the First and the Last,q who died and came to life again.r 9I know your afflictions and your poverty—yet you are rich!s I know about the slander of those who say they are Jews and are not,t but are a synagogue of Satan.u 10Do not be afraid of what you are about to suffer. I tell you, the devil will put some of you in prison to test you,v and you will suffer persecution for ten days.w Be faithful,x even to the point of death, and I will give you life as your victor’s crown.y
11Whoever has ears, let them hearz what the Spirit says to the churches. The one who is victorious will not be hurt at all by the second death.a
To the Church in Pergamum
12“To the angel of the church in Pergamumb write:
These are the words of him who has the sharp, double-edged sword.c 13I know where you live—where Satan has his throne. Yet you remain true to my name. You did not renounce your faith in me,d not even in the days of Antipas, my faithful witness,e who was put to death in your city—where Satan lives.f
14Nevertheless, I have a few things against you:g There are some among you who hold to the teaching of Balaam,h who taught Balak to entice the Israelites to sin so that they ate food sacrificed to idolsi and committed sexual immorality.j 15Likewise, you also have those who hold to the teaching of the Nicolaitans.k 16Repentl therefore! Otherwise, I will soon come to you and will fight against them with the sword of my mouth.m
17Whoever has ears, let them hearn what the Spirit says to the churches. To the one who is victorious,o I will give some of the hidden manna.p I will also give that person a white stone with a new nameq written on it, known only to the one who receives it.r
To the Church in Thyatira
18“To the angel of the church in Thyatiras write:
These are the words of the Son of God,t whose eyes are like blazing fire and whose feet are like burnished bronze.u 19I know your deeds,v your love and faith, your service and perseverance, and that you are now doing more than you did at first.
20Nevertheless, I have this against you: You tolerate that woman Jezebel,w who calls herself a prophet. By her teaching she misleads my servants into sexual immorality and the eating of food sacrificed to idols.x 21I have given her timey to repent of her immorality, but she is unwilling.z 22So I will cast her on a bed of suffering, and I will make those who commit adulterya with her suffer intensely, unless they repent of her ways. 23I will strike her children dead. Then all the churches will know that I am he who searches hearts and minds,b and I will repay each of you according to your deeds.c
24Now I say to the rest of you in Thyatira, to you who do not hold to her teaching and have not learned Satan’s so-called deep secrets, ‘I will not impose any other burden on you,d 25except to hold on to what you havee until I come.’f
26To the one who is victoriousg and does my will to the end,h I will give authority over the nationsi— 27that one ‘will rule them with an iron scepterj and will dash them to pieces like pottery’,k—just as I have received authority from my Father. 28I will also give that one the morning star.l 29Whoever has ears, let them hearm what the Spirit says to the churches. Map: The Seven Churches of Revelation
Revelation 3
To the Church in Sardis
1“To the angel of the church in Sardisa write:
These are the words of him who holds the seven spirits,b of God and the seven stars.c I know your deeds;d you have a reputation of being alive, but you are dead.e 2Wake up! Strengthen what remains and is about to die, for I have found your deeds unfinished in the sight of my God. 3Remember, therefore, what you have received and heard; hold it fast, and repent.f But if you do not wake up, I will come like a thief,g and you will not know at what timeh I will come to you.
4Yet you have a few people in Sardis who have not soiled their clothes.i They will walk with me, dressed in white,j for they are worthy. 5The one who is victoriousk will, like them, be dressed in white.l I will never blot out the name of that person from the book of life,m but will acknowledge that name before my Fathern and his angels. 6Whoever has ears, let them hearo what the Spirit says to the churches. Photo
To the Church in Philadelphia
7“To the angel of the church in Philadelphiap write:
These are the words of him who is holyq and true,r who holds the key of David.s What he opens no one can shut, and what he shuts no one can open. 8I know your deeds.t See, I have placed before you an open dooru that no one can shut. I know that you have little strength, yet you have kept my word and have not denied my name.v 9I will make those who are of the synagogue of Satan,w who claim to be Jews though they are not,x but are liars—I will make them come and fall down at your feety and acknowledge that I have loved you.z 10Since you have kept my command to endure patiently, I will also keep youa from the hour of trial that is going to come on the whole worldb to testc the inhabitants of the earth.d
11I am coming soon.e Hold on to what you have,f so that no one will take your crown.g 12The one who is victorioush I will make a pillari in the temple of my God. Never again will they leave it. I will write on them the name of my Godj and the name of the city of my God,k the new Jerusalem,l which is coming down out of heaven from my God; and I will also write on them my new name. 13Whoever has ears, let them hearm what the Spirit says to the churches.
To the Church in Laodicea
14“To the angel of the church in Laodicean write:
These are the words of the Amen, the faithful and true witness,o the ruler of God’s creation.p 15I know your deeds,q that you are neither cold nor hot.r I wish you were either one or the other! 16So, because you are lukewarm—neither hot nor cold—I am about to spit you out of my mouth. 17You say, ‘I am rich; I have acquired wealth and do not need a thing.’s But you do not realize that you are wretched, pitiful, poor, blind and naked.t 18I counsel you to buy from me gold refined in the fire,u so you can become rich; and white clothesv to wear, so you can cover your shameful nakedness;w and salve to put on your eyes, so you can see.
19Those whom I love I rebuke and discipline.x So be earnest and repent.y 20Here I am! I stand at the doorz and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door,a I will come inb and eat with that person, and they with me.
21To the one who is victorious,c I will give the right to sit with me on my throne,d just as I was victoriouse and sat down with my Father on his throne. 22Whoever has ears, let them hearf what the Spirit says to the churches.”
Revelation 4
The Throne in Heaven
1After this I looked, and there before me was a door standing opena in heaven. And the voice I had first heard speaking to me like a trumpetb said, “Come up here,c and I will show you what must take place after this.”d 2At once I was in the Spirit,e and there before me was a throne in heavenf with someone sitting on it. 3And the one who sat there had the appearance of jasperg and ruby.h A rainbowi that shone like an emeraldj encircled the throne. 4Surrounding the throne were twenty-four other thrones, and seated on them were twenty-four elders.k They were dressed in whitel and had crowns of gold on their heads. 5From the throne came flashes of lightning, rumblings and peals of thunder.m In front of the throne, seven lampsn were blazing. These are the seven spirits,o of God. 6Also in front of the throne there was what looked like a sea of glass,p clear as crystal.
In the center, around the throne, were four living creatures,q and they were covered with eyes, in front and in back.r 7The first living creature was like a lion, the second was like an ox, the third had a face like a man, the fourth was like a flying eagle.s 8Each of the four living creaturest had six wingsu and was covered with eyes all around,v even under its wings. Day and nightw they never stop saying:
“ ‘Holy, holy, holy
is the Lord God Almighty,’,x
who was, and is, and is to come.”y
9Whenever the living creatures give glory, honor and thanks to him who sits on the thronez and who lives for ever and ever,a 10the twenty-four eldersb fall down before himc who sits on the throned and worship him who lives for ever and ever. They lay their crowns before the throne and say:
11“You are worthy, our Lord and God,
to receive glory and honor and power,e
for you created all things,
and by your will they were created
and have their being.”f
Revelation 5
The Scroll and the Lamb
1Then I saw in the right hand of him who sat on the thronea a scroll with writing on both sidesb and sealedc with seven seals. 2And I saw a mighty angeld proclaiming in a loud voice, “Who is worthy to break the seals and open the scroll?” 3But no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth could open the scroll or even look inside it. 4I wept and wept because no one was found who was worthy to open the scroll or look inside. 5Then one of the elders said to me, “Do not weep! See, the Lione of the tribe of Judah,f the Root of David,g has triumphed. He is able to open the scroll and its seven seals.”
6Then I saw a Lamb,h looking as if it had been slain, standing at the center of the throne, encircled by the four living creaturesi and the elders.j The Lamb had seven horns and seven eyes,k which are the seven spirits,l of God sent out into all the earth. 7He went and took the scroll from the right hand of him who sat on the throne.m 8And when he had taken it, the four living creaturesn and the twenty-four elderso fell down before the Lamb. Each one had a harpp and they were holding golden bowls full of incense, which are the prayersq of God’s people. 9And they sang a new song, saying:r
“You are worthys to take the scroll
and to open its seals,
because you were slain,
and with your bloodt you purchasedu for God
persons from every tribe and language and people and nation.v
10You have made them to be a kingdom and priestsw to serve our God,
and they will reign on the earth.”x
11Then I looked and heard the voice of many angels, numbering thousands upon thousands, and ten thousand times ten thousand.y They encircled the throne and the living creaturesz and the elders.a 12In a loud voice they were saying:
“Worthy is the Lamb,b who was slain,c
to receive power and wealth and wisdom and strength
and honor and glory and praise!”d
13Then I heard every creature in heaven and on earth and under the earthe and on the sea, and all that is in them, saying:
“To him who sits on the thronef and to the Lambg
be praise and honor and glory and power,
for ever and ever!”h
14The four living creaturesi said, “Amen,”j and the eldersk fell down and worshiped.l
Revelation 6
The Seals
1I watched as the Lamba opened the first of the seven seals.b Then I heard one of the four living creaturesc say in a voice like thunder,d “Come!” 2I looked, and there before me was a white horse!e Its rider held a bow, and he was given a crown,f and he rode out as a conqueror bent on conquest.g
3When the Lamb opened the second seal, I heard the second living creatureh say, “Come!” 4Then another horse came out, a fiery red one.i Its rider was given power to take peace from the earthj and to make people kill each other. To him was given a large sword.
5When the Lamb opened the third seal, I heard the third living creaturek say, “Come!” I looked, and there before me was a black horse!l Its rider was holding a pair of scales in his hand. 6Then I heard what sounded like a voice among the four living creatures,m saying, “Two pounds of wheat for a day’s wages, and six pounds of barley for a day’s wages,,n and do not damageo the oil and the wine!”
7When the Lamb opened the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creaturep say, “Come!” 8I looked, and there before me was a pale horse!q Its rider was named Death, and Hadesr was following close behind him. They were given power over a fourth of the earth to kill by sword, famine and plague, and by the wild beasts of the earth.s
9When he opened the fifth seal, I saw undert the altaru the souls of those who had been slainv because of the word of Godw and the testimony they had maintained. 10They called out in a loud voice, “How long,x Sovereign Lord,y holy and true,z until you judge the inhabitants of the eartha and avenge our blood?”b 11Then each of them was given a white robe,c and they were told to wait a little longer, until the full number of their fellow servants, their brothers and sisters, were killed just as they had been.d
12I watched as he opened the sixth seal. There was a great earthquake.e The sun turned blackf like sackclothg made of goat hair, the whole moon turned blood red, 13and the stars in the sky fell to earth,h as figs drop from a fig treei when shaken by a strong wind. 14The heavens receded like a scroll being rolled up,j and every mountain and island was removed from its place.k
15Then the kings of the earth, the princes, the generals, the rich, the mighty, and everyone else, both slave and free,l hid in caves and among the rocks of the mountains.m 16They called to the mountains and the rocks, “Fall on usn and hide us from the face of him who sits on the throneo and from the wrath of the Lamb! 17For the great dayp of their wrath has come, and who can withstand it?”q
Revelation 7
144,000 Sealed
1After this I saw four angels standing at the four cornersa of the earth, holding back the four windsb of the earth to preventc any wind from blowing on the land or on the sea or on any tree. 2Then I saw another angel coming up from the east, having the seald of the living God.e He called out in a loud voice to the four angels who had been given power to harm the land and the sea:f 3“Do not harmg the land or the sea or the trees until we put a seal on the foreheadsh of the servants of our God.” 4Then I heard the numberi of those who were sealed: 144,000j from all the tribes of Israel.
5From the tribe of Judah 12,000 were sealed,
from the tribe of Reuben 12,000,
from the tribe of Gad 12,000,
6from the tribe of Asher 12,000,
from the tribe of Naphtali 12,000,
from the tribe of Manasseh 12,000,
7from the tribe of Simeon 12,000,
from the tribe of Levi 12,000,
from the tribe of Issachar 12,000,
8from the tribe of Zebulun 12,000,
from the tribe of Joseph 12,000,
from the tribe of Benjamin 12,000.
The Great Multitude in White Robes
9After this I looked, and there before me was a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, tribe, people and language,k standing before the thronel and before the Lamb. They were wearing white robesm and were holding palm branches in their hands. 10And they cried out in a loud voice:
“Salvation belongs to our God,n
who sits on the throne,o
and to the Lamb.”
11All the angels were standing around the throne and around the eldersp and the four living creatures.q They fell down on their facesr before the throne and worshiped God, 12saying:
“Amen!
Praise and glory
and wisdom and thanks and honor
and power and strength
be to our God for ever and ever.
Amen!”s
13Then one of the elders asked me, “These in white robest—who are they, and where did they come from?”
14I answered, “Sir, you know.”
And he said, “These are they who have come out of the great tribulation; they have washed their robesu and made them white in the blood of the Lamb.v 15Therefore,
“they are before the throne of Godw
and serve himx day and night in his temple;y
and he who sits on the thronez
will shelter them with his presence.a Article: The Church and the Tribulation
16‘Never again will they hunger;
never again will they thirst.b
The sun will not beat down on them,’
nor any scorching heat.c
17For the Lamb at the center of the throne
will be their shepherd;d
‘he will lead them to springs of living water.’,e
‘And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.’”f
Revelation 8
The Seventh Seal and the Golden Censer
1When he opened the seventh seal,a there was silence in heaven for about half an hour.
2And I saw the seven angelsb who stand before God, and seven trumpets were given to them.c
3Another angel,d who had a golden censer, came and stood at the altar. He was given much incense to offer, with the prayers of all God’s people,e on the golden altarf in front of the throne. 4The smoke of the incense, together with the prayers of God’s people, went up before Godg from the angel’s hand. 5Then the angel took the censer, filled it with fire from the altar,h and hurled it on the earth; and there came peals of thunder,i rumblings, flashes of lightning and an earthquake.j
The Trumpets
6Then the seven angels who had the seven trumpetsk prepared to sound them.
7The first angell sounded his trumpet, and there came hail and firem mixed with blood, and it was hurled down on the earth. A thirdn of the earth was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up.o
8The second angel sounded his trumpet, and something like a huge mountain,p all ablaze, was thrown into the sea. A thirdq of the sea turned into blood,r 9a thirds of the living creatures in the sea died, and a third of the ships were destroyed.
10The third angel sounded his trumpet, and a great star, blazing like a torch, fell from the skyt on a third of the rivers and on the springs of wateru— 11the name of the star is Wormwood. A thirdv of the waters turned bitter, and many people died from the waters that had become bitter.w
12The fourth angel sounded his trumpet, and a third of the sun was struck, a third of the moon, and a third of the stars, so that a thirdx of them turned dark.y A third of the day was without light, and also a third of the night.z
13As I watched, I heard an eagle that was flying in midaira call out in a loud voice: “Woe! Woe! Woeb to the inhabitants of the earth,c because of the trumpet blasts about to be sounded by the other three angels!”
Revelation 9
1The fifth angel sounded his trumpet, and I saw a star that had fallen from the sky to the earth.a The star was given the keyb to the shaft of the Abyss.c 2When he opened the Abyss, smoke rose from it like the smoke from a gigantic furnace.d The sun and sky were darkenede by the smoke from the Abyss.f 3And out of the smoke locustsg came down on the earth and were given power like that of scorpionsh of the earth. 4They were told not to harmi the grass of the earth or any plant or tree,j but only those people who did not have the seal of God on their foreheads.k 5They were not allowed to kill them but only to torture them for five months.l And the agony they suffered was like that of the sting of a scorpionm when it strikes. 6During those days people will seek death but will not find it; they will long to die, but death will elude them.n
7The locusts looked like horses prepared for battle.o On their heads they wore something like crowns of gold, and their faces resembled human faces.p 8Their hair was like women’s hair, and their teeth were like lions’ teeth.q 9They had breastplates like breastplates of iron, and the sound of their wings was like the thundering of many horses and chariots rushing into battle.r 10They had tails with stingers, like scorpions, and in their tails they had power to torment people for five months.s 11They had as king over them the angel of the Abyss,t whose name in Hebrewu is Abaddonv and in Greek is Apollyon (that is, Destroyer).
12The first woe is past; two other woes are yet to come.w
13The sixth angel sounded his trumpet, and I heard a voice coming from the four hornsx of the golden altar that is before God.y 14It said to the sixth angel who had the trumpet, “Release the four angelsz who are bound at the great river Euphrates.”a 15And the four angels who had been kept ready for this very hour and day and month and year were releasedb to kill a thirdc of mankind.d 16The number of the mounted troops was twice ten thousand times ten thousand. I heard their number.e
17The horses and riders I saw in my vision looked like this: Their breastplates were fiery red, dark blue, and yellow as sulfur. The heads of the horses resembled the heads of lions, and out of their mouthsf came fire, smoke and sulfur.g 18A thirdh of mankind was killedi by the three plagues of fire, smoke and sulfurj that came out of their mouths. 19The power of the horses was in their mouths and in their tails; for their tails were like snakes, having heads with which they inflict injury.
20The rest of mankind who were not killed by these plagues still did not repentk of the work of their hands;l they did not stop worshiping demons,m and idols of gold, silver, bronze, stone and wood—idols that cannot see or hear or walk.n 21Nor did they repento of their murders, their magic arts,p their sexual immoralityq or their thefts.
Revelation 10
The Angel and the Little Scroll
1Then I saw another mighty angela coming down from heaven.b He was robed in a cloud, with a rainbowc above his head; his face was like the sun,d and his legs were like fiery pillars.e 2He was holding a little scroll,f which lay open in his hand. He planted his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land,g 3and he gave a loud shout like the roar of a lion.h When he shouted, the voices of the seven thundersi spoke. 4And when the seven thunders spoke, I was about to write;j but I heard a voice from heavenk say, “Seal up what the seven thunders have said and do not write it down.”l
5Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the landm raised his right hand to heaven.n 6And he sworeo by him who lives for ever and ever,p who created the heavens and all that is in them, the earth and all that is in it, and the sea and all that is in it,q and said, “There will be no more delay!r 7But in the days when the seventh angel is about to sound his trumpet,s the mysteryt of God will be accomplished, just as he announced to his servants the prophets.”u
8Then the voice that I had heard from heavenv spoke to me once more: “Go, take the scrollw that lies open in the hand of the angel who is standing on the sea and on the land.”
9So I went to the angel and asked him to give me the little scroll. He said to me, “Take it and eat it. It will turn your stomach sour, but ‘in your mouth it will be as sweet as honey.’”x 10I took the little scroll from the angel’s hand and ate it. It tasted as sweet as honey in my mouth,y but when I had eaten it, my stomach turned sour. 11Then I was told, “You must prophesyz again about many peoples, nations, languages and kings.”a
Revelation 11
The Two Witnesses
1I was given a reed like a measuring roda and was told, “Go and measure the temple of God and the altar, with its worshipers. 2But exclude the outer court;b do not measure it, because it has been given to the Gentiles.c They will trample on the holy cityd for 42 months.e 3And I will appoint my two witnesses,f and they will prophesy for 1,260 days,g clothed in sackcloth.”h 4They are “the two olive trees”i and the two lampstands, and “they stand before the Lord of the earth.”,j 5If anyone tries to harm them, fire comes from their mouths and devours their enemies.k This is how anyone who wants to harm them must die.l 6They have power to shut up the heavensm so that it will not rain during the time they are prophesying;n and they have power to turn the waters into bloodo and to strike the earth with every kind of plague as often as they want. Article: The Trumpets and Bowl Judgments and the Egyptian Plagues
7Now when they have finished their testimony, the beastp that comes up from the Abyssq will attack them,r and overpower and kill them. 8Their bodies will lie in the public square of the great citys—which is figuratively called Sodomt and Egypt—where also their Lord was crucified.u 9For three and a half days some from every people, tribe, language and nationv will gaze on their bodies and refuse them burial.w 10The inhabitants of the earthx will gloat over them and will celebrate by sending each other gifts,y because these two prophets had tormented those who live on the earth.
11But after the three and a half daysz the breath of life from God entered them,a and they stood on their feet, and terror struck those who saw them. 12Then they heard a loud voice from heaven saying to them, “Come up here.”b And they went up to heaven in a cloud,c while their enemies looked on.
13At that very hour there was a severe earthquaked and a tenth of the city collapsed. Seven thousand people were killed in the earthquake, and the survivors were terrified and gave glorye to the God of heaven.f
14The second woe has passed; the third woe is coming soon.g
The Seventh Trumpet
15The seventh angel sounded his trumpet,h and there were loud voicesi in heaven, which said:
“The kingdom of the world has become
the kingdom of our Lord and of his Messiah,j
and he will reign for ever and ever.”k
16And the twenty-four elders,l who were seated on their thrones before God, fell on their facesm and worshiped God, 17saying:
“We give thanksn to you, Lord God Almighty,o
the One who is and who was,p
because you have taken your great power
and have begun to reign.q
18The nations were angry,r
and your wrath has come.
The time has come for judging the dead,s
and for rewarding your servants the prophetst
and your people who revere your name,
both great and smallu—
and for destroying those who destroy the earth.”
19Then God’s templev in heaven was opened, and within his temple was seen the ark of his covenant.w And there came flashes of lightning, rumblings, peals of thunder,x an earthquake and a severe hailstorm.y
Revelation 12
The Woman and the Dragon
1A great signa appeared in heaven:b a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet and a crown of twelve starsc on her head. 2She was pregnant and cried out in paind as she was about to give birth. 3Then another sign appeared in heaven:e an enormous red dragonf with seven headsg and ten hornsh and seven crownsi on its heads. 4Its tail swept a thirdj of the stars out of the sky and flung them to the earth.k The dragon stood in front of the woman who was about to give birth, so that it might devour her childl the moment he was born. 5She gave birth to a son, a male child, who “will rule all the nations with an iron scepter.”,m And her child was snatched upn to God and to his throne. 6The woman fled into the wilderness to a place prepared for her by God, where she might be taken care of for 1,260 days.o
7Then war broke out in heaven. Michaelp and his angels fought against the dragon,q and the dragon and his angelsr fought back. 8But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. 9The great dragon was hurled down—that ancient serpents called the devil,t or Satan,u who leads the whole world astray.v He was hurled to the earth,w and his angels with him.
10Then I heard a loud voice in heavenx say:
“Now have come the salvationy and the power
and the kingdom of our God,
and the authority of his Messiah.
For the accuser of our brothers and sisters,z
who accuses them before our God day and night,
has been hurled down.
11They triumphed overa him
by the blood of the Lambb
and by the word of their testimony;c
they did not love their lives so much
as to shrink from death.d
12Therefore rejoice, you heavense
and you who dwell in them!
But woef to the earth and the sea,g
because the devil has gone down to you!
He is filled with fury,
because he knows that his time is short.”
13When the dragonh saw that he had been hurled to the earth, he pursued the woman who had given birth to the male child.i 14The woman was given the two wings of a great eagle,j so that she might fly to the place prepared for her in the wilderness, where she would be taken care of for a time, times and half a time,k out of the serpent’s reach. 15Then from his mouth the serpentl spewed water like a river, to overtake the woman and sweep her away with the torrent. 16But the earth helped the woman by opening its mouth and swallowing the river that the dragon had spewed out of his mouth. 17Then the dragon was enraged at the woman and went off to wage warm against the rest of her offspringn—those who keep God’s commandso and hold fast their testimony about Jesus.p
Revelation 13
The Beast out of the Sea
1The dragon stood on the shore of the sea. And I saw a beast coming out of the sea.a It had ten horns and seven heads,b with ten crowns on its horns, and on each head a blasphemous name.c 2The beast I saw resembled a leopard,d but had feet like those of a beare and a mouth like that of a lion.f The dragon gave the beast his power and his throne and great authority.g 3One of the heads of the beast seemed to have had a fatal wound, but the fatal wound had been healed.h The whole world was filled with wonderi and followed the beast. 4People worshiped the dragon because he had given authority to the beast, and they also worshiped the beast and asked, “Who is likej the beast? Who can wage war against it?”
5The beast was given a mouth to utter proud words and blasphemiesk and to exercise its authority for forty-two months.l 6It opened its mouth to blaspheme God, and to slander his name and his dwelling place and those who live in heaven.m 7It was given power to wage warn against God’s holy people and to conquer them. And it was given authority over every tribe, people, language and nation.o 8All inhabitants of the earthp will worship the beast—all whose names have not been written in the Lamb’s book of life,q the Lambr who was slain from the creation of the world.,s
9Whoever has ears, let them hear.t
10“If anyone is to go into captivity,
into captivity they will go.
If anyone is to be killed with the sword,
with the sword they will be killed.”,u
This calls for patient endurance and faithfulnessv on the part of God’s people.w
The Beast out of the Earth
11Then I saw a second beast, coming out of the earth.x It had two horns like a lamb, but it spoke like a dragon.y 12It exercised all the authorityz of the first beast on its behalf,a and made the earth and its inhabitants worship the first beast,b whose fatal wound had been healed.c 13And it performed great signs,d even causing fire to come down from heavene to the earth in full view of the people. 14Because of the signsf it was given power to perform on behalf of the first beast, it deceivedg the inhabitants of the earth.h It ordered them to set up an image in honor of the beast who was wounded by the sword and yet lived.i 15The second beast was given power to give breath to the image of the first beast, so that the image could speak and cause all who refused to worshipj the image to be killed.k 16It also forced all people, great and small,l rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on their right hands or on their foreheads,m 17so that they could not buy or sell unless they had the mark,n which is the name of the beast or the number of its name.o
18This calls for wisdom.p Let the person who has insight calculate the number of the beast, for it is the number of a man.,q That number is 666.
Revelation 14
The Lamb and the 144,000
1Then I looked, and there before me was the Lamb,a standing on Mount Zion,b and with him 144,000c who had his name and his Father’s named written on their foreheads.e 2And I heard a sound from heaven like the roar of rushing watersf and like a loud peal of thunder.g The sound I heard was like that of harpists playing their harps.h 3And they sang a new songi before the throne and before the four living creaturesj and the elders.k No one could learn the song except the 144,000l who had been redeemed from the earth. 4These are those who did not defile themselves with women, for they remained virgins.m They follow the Lamb wherever he goes.n They were purchased from among mankindo and offered as firstfruitsp to God and the Lamb. 5No lie was found in their mouths;q they are blameless.r
The Three Angels
6Then I saw another angel flying in midair,s and he had the eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the eartht—to every nation, tribe, language and people.u 7He said in a loud voice, “Fear Godv and give him glory,w because the hour of his judgment has come. Worship him who madex the heavens, the earth, the sea and the springs of water.”y
8A second angel followed and said, “ ‘Fallen! Fallen is Babylon the Great,’,z which made all the nations drink the maddening wine of her adulteries.”a
9A third angel followed them and said in a loud voice: “If anyone worships the beastb and its imagec and receives its mark on their foreheadd or on their hand, 10they, too, will drink the wine of God’s fury,e which has been poured full strength into the cup of his wrath.f They will be tormented with burning sulfurg in the presence of the holy angels and of the Lamb. 11And the smoke of their torment will rise for ever and ever.h There will be no rest day or nighti for those who worship the beast and its image,j or for anyone who receives the mark of its name.”k 12This calls for patient endurancel on the part of the people of Godm who keep his commandsn and remain faithful to Jesus.
13Then I heard a voice from heaven say, “Write this: Blessed are the dead who die in the Lordo from now on.”
“Yes,” says the Spirit,p “they will rest from their labor, for their deeds will follow them.”
Harvesting the Earth and Trampling the Winepress
14I looked, and there before me was a white cloud,q and seated on the cloud was one like a son of man,r with a crowns of gold on his head and a sharp sickle in his hand. 15Then another angel came out of the templet and called in a loud voice to him who was sitting on the cloud, “Take your sickleu and reap, because the time to reap has come, for the harvestv of the earth is ripe.” 16So he who was seated on the cloud swung his sickle over the earth, and the earth was harvested. Photo
17Another angel came out of the temple in heaven, and he too had a sharp sickle.w 18Still another angel, who had charge of the fire, came from the altarx and called in a loud voice to him who had the sharp sickle, “Take your sharp sickley and gather the clusters of grapes from the earth’s vine, because its grapes are ripe.” 19The angel swung his sickle on the earth, gathered its grapes and threw them into the great winepress of God’s wrath.z 20They were trampled in the winepressa outside the city,b and bloodc flowed out of the press, rising as high as the horses’ bridles for a distance of 1,600 stadia. Photo
Revelation 15
Seven Angels With Seven Plagues
1I saw in heaven another great and marvelous sign:a seven angelsb with the seven last plaguesc—last, because with them God’s wrath is completed. 2And I saw what looked like a sea of glassd glowing with fire and, standing beside the sea, those who had been victoriouse over the beastf and its imageg and over the number of its name.h They held harpsi given them by God 3and sang the song of God’s servantj Mosesk and of the Lamb:l
“Great and marvelous are your deeds,m
Lord God Almighty.n
Just and true are your ways,o
King of the nations.
4Who will not fear you, Lord,p
and bring glory to your name?q
For you alone are holy.
All nations will come
and worship before you,r
for your righteous actss have been revealed.”
5After this I looked, and I saw in heaven the templet—that is, the tabernacle of the covenant lawu—and it was opened.v 6Out of the templew came the seven angels with the seven plagues.x They were dressed in clean, shining lineny and wore golden sashes around their chests.z 7Then one of the four living creaturesa gave to the seven angelsb seven golden bowls filled with the wrath of God, who lives for ever and ever.c 8And the temple was filled with smoked from the glory of God and from his power, and no one could enter the templee until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed.
Revelation 16
The Seven Bowls of God’s Wrath
1Then I heard a loud voice from the templea saying to the seven angels,b “Go, pour out the seven bowls of God’s wrath on the earth.”c
2The first angel went and poured out his bowl on the land,d and ugly, festering sorese broke out on the people who had the mark of the beast and worshiped its image.f
3The second angel poured out his bowl on the sea, and it turned into blood like that of a dead person, and every living thing in the sea died.g
4The third angel poured out his bowl on the rivers and springs of water,h and they became blood.i 5Then I heard the angel in charge of the waters say:
“You are just in these judgments,j O Holy One,k
you who are and who were;l
6for they have shed the blood of your holy people and your prophets,m
and you have given them blood to drinkn as they deserve.”
7And I heard the altaro respond:
“Yes, Lord God Almighty,p
true and just are your judgments.”q
8The fourth angelr poured out his bowl on the sun,s and the sun was allowed to scorch people with fire.t 9They were seared by the intense heat and they cursed the name of God,u who had control over these plagues, but they refused to repentv and glorify him.w
10The fifth angel poured out his bowl on the throne of the beast,x and its kingdom was plunged into darkness.y People gnawed their tongues in agony 11and cursedz the God of heavena because of their pains and their sores,b but they refused to repent of what they had done.c
12The sixth angel poured out his bowl on the great river Euphrates,d and its water was dried up to prepare the waye for the kings from the East.f 13Then I saw three impure spiritsg that looked like frogs;h they came out of the mouth of the dragon,i out of the mouth of the beastj and out of the mouth of the false prophet.k 14They are demonic spiritsl that perform signs,m and they go out to the kings of the whole world,n to gather them for the battleo on the great dayp of God Almighty.
15“Look, I come like a thief!q Blessed is the one who stays awaker and remains clothed, so as not to go naked and be shamefully exposed.”s
16Then they gathered the kings togethert to the place that in Hebrewu is called Armageddon.v Photo
17The seventh angel poured out his bowl into the air,w and out of the templex came a loud voicey from the throne, saying, “It is done!”z 18Then there came flashes of lightning, rumblings, peals of thundera and a severe earthquake.b No earthquake like it has ever occurred since mankind has been on earth,c so tremendous was the quake. 19The great cityd split into three parts, and the cities of the nations collapsed. God rememberede Babylon the Greatf and gave her the cup filled with the wine of the fury of his wrath.g 20Every island fled away and the mountains could not be found.h 21From the sky huge hailstones,i each weighing about a hundred pounds, fell on people. And they cursed Godj on account of the plague of hail,k because the plague was so terrible.
Revelation 17
Babylon, the Prostitute on the Beast
1One of the seven angelsa who had the seven bowlsb came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the punishmentc of the great prostitute,d who sits by many waters.e 2With her the kings of the earth committed adultery, and the inhabitants of the earth were intoxicated with the wine of her adulteries.”f
3Then the angel carried me away in the Spiritg into a wilderness.h There I saw a woman sitting on a scarleti beast that was covered with blasphemous namesj and had seven heads and ten horns.k 4The woman was dressed in purple and scarlet, and was glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls.l She held a golden cupm in her hand, filled with abominable things and the filth of her adulteries.n 5The name written on her forehead was a mystery:o
BABYLON THE GREATp
THE MOTHER OF PROSTITUTESq
AND OF THE ABOMINATIONS OF THE EARTH.
6I saw that the woman was drunk with the blood of God’s holy people,r the blood of those who bore testimony to Jesus.
When I saw her, I was greatly astonished. 7Then the angel said to me: “Why are you astonished? I will explain to you the mysterys of the woman and of the beast she rides, which has the seven heads and ten horns.t 8The beast, which you saw, once was, now is not, and yet will come up out of the Abyssu and go to its destruction.v The inhabitants of the earthw whose names have not been written in the book of lifex from the creation of the world will be astonishedy when they see the beast, because it once was, now is not, and yet will come.
9“This calls for a mind with wisdom.z The seven headsa are seven hills on which the woman sits. 10They are also seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, the other has not yet come; but when he does come, he must remain for only a little while. 11The beast who once was, and now is not,b is an eighth king. He belongs to the seven and is going to his destruction.
12“The ten hornsc you saw are ten kings who have not yet received a kingdom, but who for one hourd will receive authority as kings along with the beast. 13They have one purpose and will give their power and authority to the beast.e 14They will wage warf against the Lamb, but the Lamb will triumph overg them because he is Lord of lords and King of kingsh—and with him will be his called, choseni and faithful followers.”
15Then the angel said to me, “The watersj you saw, where the prostitute sits, are peoples, multitudes, nations and languages.k 16The beast and the ten hornsl you saw will hate the prostitute.m They will bring her to ruinn and leave her naked;o they will eat her fleshp and burn her with fire.q 17For God has put it into their heartsr to accomplish his purpose by agreeing to hand over to the beast their royal authority,s until God’s words are fulfilled.t 18The woman you saw is the great cityu that rules over the kings of the earth.”
Revelation 18
Lament Over Fallen Babylon
1After this I saw another angela coming down from heaven.b He had great authority, and the earth was illuminated by his splendor.c 2With a mighty voice he shouted:
“ ‘Fallen! Fallen is Babylon the Great!’,d
She has become a dwelling for demons
and a haunt for every impure spirit,e
a haunt for every unclean bird,
a haunt for every unclean and detestable animal.f
3For all the nations have drunk
the maddening wine of her adulteries.g
The kings of the earth committed adultery with her,h
and the merchants of the earth grew richi from her excessive luxuries.”j
Warning to Escape Babylon’s Judgment
4Then I heard another voice from heaven say:
“ ‘Come out of her, my people,’,k
so that you will not share in her sins,
so that you will not receive any of her plagues;l
5for her sins are piled up to heaven,m
and God has rememberedn her crimes.
6Give back to her as she has given;
pay her backo doublep for what she has done.
Pour her a double portion from her own cup.q
7Give her as much torment and grief
as the glory and luxury she gave herself.r
In her heart she boasts,
‘I sit enthroned as queen.
I am not a widow;
I will never mourn.’s
8Therefore in one dayt her plagues will overtake her:
death, mourning and famine.
She will be consumed by fire,u
for mighty is the Lord God who judges her.
Threefold Woe Over Babylon’s Fall
9“When the kings of the earth who committed adultery with herv and shared her luxuryw see the smoke of her burning,x they will weep and mourn over her.y 10Terrified at her torment, they will stand far offz and cry:
“ ‘Woe! Woe to you, great city,a
you mighty city of Babylon!
In one hourb your doom has come!’
11“The merchantsc of the earth will weep and mournd over her because no one buys their cargoes anymoree— 12cargoes of gold, silver, precious stones and pearls; fine linen, purple, silk and scarlet cloth; every sort of citron wood, and articles of every kind made of ivory, costly wood, bronze, iron and marble;f 13cargoes of cinnamon and spice, of incense, myrrh and frankincense, of wine and olive oil, of fine flour and wheat; cattle and sheep; horses and carriages; and human beings sold as slaves.g
14“They will say, ‘The fruit you longed for is gone from you. All your luxury and splendor have vanished, never to be recovered.’ 15The merchants who sold these things and gained their wealth from herh will stand far off,i terrified at her torment. They will weep and mournj 16and cry out:
“ ‘Woe! Woe to you, great city,k
dressed in fine linen, purple and scarlet,
and glittering with gold, precious stones and pearls!l
17In one hourm such great wealth has been brought to ruin!’n
“Every sea captain, and all who travel by ship, the sailors, and all who earn their living from the sea,o will stand far off.p 18When they see the smoke of her burning,q they will exclaim, ‘Was there ever a city like this great cityr?’s 19They will throw dust on their heads,t and with weeping and mourningu cry out:
“ ‘Woe! Woe to you, great city,v
where all who had ships on the sea
became rich through her wealth!
In one hour she has been brought to ruin!’w
20“Rejoice over her, you heavens!x
Rejoice, you people of God!
Rejoice, apostles and prophets!
For God has judged her
with the judgment she imposed on you.”y
The Finality of Babylon’s Doom
21Then a mighty angelz picked up a boulder the size of a large millstone and threw it into the sea,a and said:
“With such violence
the great cityb of Babylon will be thrown down,
never to be found again.
22The music of harpists and musicians, pipers and trumpeters,
will never be heard in you again.c
No worker of any trade
will ever be found in you again.
The sound of a millstone
will never be heard in you again.d
23The light of a lamp
will never shine in you again.
The voice of bridegroom and bride
will never be heard in you again.e
Your merchants were the world’s important people.f
By your magic spellg all the nations were led astray.
24In her was found the blood of prophets and of God’s holy people,h
of all who have been slaughtered on the earth.”i
Revelation 19
Threefold Hallelujah Over Babylon’s Fall
1After this I heard what sounded like the roar of a great multitudea in heaven shouting:
“Hallelujah!b
Salvationc and glory and powerd belong to our God,
2for true and just are his judgments.e
He has condemned the great prostitutef
who corrupted the earth by her adulteries.
He has avenged on her the blood of his servants.”g
3And again they shouted:
“Hallelujah!h
The smoke from her goes up for ever and ever.”i
4The twenty-four eldersj and the four living creaturesk fell downl and worshiped God, who was seated on the throne. And they cried:
5Then a voice came from the throne, saying:
“Praise our God,
all you his servants,n
you who fear him,
both great and small!”o
6Then I heard what sounded like a great multitude,p like the roar of rushing watersq and like loud peals of thunder, shouting:
“Hallelujah!r
For our Lord God Almightys reigns.t
7Let us rejoice and be glad
and give him glory!u
For the wedding of the Lambv has come,
and his bridew has made herself ready.
8Fine linen,x bright and clean,
was given her to wear.”
(Fine linen stands for the righteous actsy of God’s holy people.)
9Then the angel said to me,z “Write this:a Blessed are those who are invited to the wedding supper of the Lamb!”b And he added, “These are the true words of God.”c
10At this I fell at his feet to worship him.d But he said to me, “Don’t do that! I am a fellow servant with you and with your brothers and sisters who hold to the testimony of Jesus. Worship God!e For it is the Spirit of prophecy who bears testimony to Jesus.”f
The Heavenly Warrior Defeats the Beast
11I saw heaven standing openg and there before me was a white horse, whose riderh is called Faithful and True.i With justice he judges and wages war.j 12His eyes are like blazing fire,k and on his head are many crowns.l He has a name written on himm that no one knows but he himself.n 13He is dressed in a robe dipped in blood,o and his name is the Word of God.p 14The armies of heaven were following him, riding on white horses and dressed in fine linen,q whiter and clean. 15Coming out of his mouth is a sharp swords with which to strike downt the nations. “He will rule them with an iron scepter.”,u He treads the winepressv of the fury of the wrath of God Almighty. 16On his robe and on his thigh he has this name written:w
KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS.x
17And I saw an angel standing in the sun, who cried in a loud voice to all the birdsy flying in midair,z “Come,a gather together for the great supper of God,b 18so that you may eat the flesh of kings, generals, and the mighty, of horses and their riders, and the flesh of all people,c free and slave,d great and small.”e
19Then I saw the beastf and the kings of the earthg and their armies gathered together to wage war against the rider on the horseh and his army. 20But the beast was captured, and with it the false propheti who had performed the signsj on its behalf.k With these signs he had deludedl those who had received the mark of the beastm and worshiped its image.n The two of them were thrown alive into the fiery lakeo of burning sulfur.p 21The rest were killed with the swordq coming out of the mouth of the rider on the horse,r and all the birdss gorged themselves on their flesh.
Revelation 20
The Thousand Years
1And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven,a having the keyb to the Abyssc and holding in his hand a great chain. 2He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the devil, or Satan,d and bound him for a thousand years.e 3He threw him into the Abyss,f and locked and sealedg it over him, to keep him from deceiving the nationsh anymore until the thousand years were ended. After that, he must be set free for a short time. Article: The Thousand Years
4I saw thronesi on which were seated those who had been given authority to judge.j And I saw the souls of those who had been beheadedk because of their testimony about Jesusl and because of the word of God.m They had not worshiped the beastn or its image and had not received its mark on their foreheads or their hands.o They came to life and reignedp with Christ a thousand years. 5(The rest of the dead did not come to life until the thousand years were ended.) This is the first resurrection.q 6Blessedr and holy are those who share in the first resurrection. The second deaths has no power over them, but they will be priestst of God and of Christ and will reign with himu for a thousand years.
The Judgment of Satan
7When the thousand years are over,v Satan will be released from his prison 8and will go out to deceive the nationsw in the four corners of the earthx—Gog and Magogy—and to gather them for battle.z In number they are like the sand on the seashore.a 9They marched across the breadth of the earth and surroundedb the camp of God’s people, the city he loves.c But fire came down from heavend and devoured them. 10And the devil, who deceived them,e was thrown into the lake of burning sulfur,f where the beastg and the false propheth had been thrown. They will be tormented day and night for ever and ever.i
The Judgment of the Dead
11Then I saw a great white thronej and him who was seated on it. The earth and the heavens fled from his presence,k and there was no place for them. 12And I saw the dead, great and small,l standing before the throne, and books were opened.m Another book was opened, which is the book of life.n The dead were judgedo according to what they had donep as recorded in the books. 13The sea gave up the dead that were in it, and death and Hadesq gave up the deadr that were in them, and each person was judged according to what they had done.s 14Then deatht and Hadesu were thrown into the lake of fire.v The lake of fire is the second death.w 15Anyone whose name was not found written in the book of lifex was thrown into the lake of fire.
Revelation 21
A New Heaven and a New Earth
1Then I saw “a new heaven and a new earth,”,a for the first heaven and the first earth had passed away,b and there was no longer any sea. 2I saw the Holy City,c the new Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God,d prepared as a bridee beautifully dressed for her husband. 3And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Look! God’s dwelling place is now among the people, and he will dwell with them.f They will be his people, and God himself will be with them and be their God.g 4‘He will wipe every tear from their eyes.h There will be no more death’,i or mourning or crying or pain,j for the old order of things has passed away.”k
5He who was seated on the thronel said, “I am making everything new!”m Then he said, “Write this down, for these words are trustworthy and true.”n
6He said to me: “It is done.o I am the Alpha and the Omega,p the Beginning and the End. To the thirsty I will give water without costq from the spring of the water of life.r 7Those who are victoriouss will inherit all this, and I will be their God and they will be my children.t 8But the cowardly, the unbelieving, the vile, the murderers, the sexually immoral, those who practice magic arts, the idolaters and all liarsu—they will be consigned to the fiery lake of burning sulfur.v This is the second death.”w
The New Jerusalem, the Bride of the Lamb
9One of the seven angels who had the seven bowls full of the seven last plaguesx came and said to me, “Come, I will show you the bride,y the wife of the Lamb.” 10And he carried me awayz in the Spirita to a mountain great and high, and showed me the Holy City, Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God.b 11It shone with the glory of God,c and its brilliance was like that of a very precious jewel, like a jasper,d clear as crystal.e 12It had a great, high wall with twelve gates,f and with twelve angels at the gates. On the gates were written the names of the twelve tribes of Israel.g 13There were three gates on the east, three on the north, three on the south and three on the west. 14The wall of the city had twelve foundations,h and on them were the names of the twelve apostlesi of the Lamb.
15The angel who talked with me had a measuring rodj of gold to measure the city, its gatesk and its walls. 16The city was laid out like a square, as long as it was wide. He measured the city with the rod and found it to be 12,000 stadia in length, and as wide and high as it is long. 17The angel measured the wall using humanl measurement, and it was 144 cubits thick. 18The wall was made of jasper,m and the city of pure gold, as pure as glass.n 19The foundations of the city walls were decorated with every kind of precious stone.o The first foundation was jasper,p the second sapphire, the third agate, the fourth emerald, 20the fifth onyx, the sixth ruby,q the seventh chrysolite, the eighth beryl, the ninth topaz, the tenth turquoise, the eleventh jacinth, and the twelfth amethyst. 21The twelve gatesr were twelve pearls,s each gate made of a single pearl. The great street of the city was of gold, as pure as transparent glass.t
22I did not see a templeu in the city, because the Lord God Almightyv and the Lambw are its temple. 23The city does not need the sun or the moon to shine on it, for the glory of Godx gives it light,y and the Lambz is its lamp. 24The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the earth will bring their splendor into it.a 25On no day will its gatesb ever be shut,c for there will be no night there.d 26The glory and honor of the nations will be brought into it.e 27Nothing impure will ever enter it, nor will anyone who does what is shameful or deceitful,f but only those whose names are written in the Lamb’s book of life.g
Revelation 22
Eden Restored
1Then the angel showed me the rivera of the water of life,b as clear as crystal,c flowingd from the throne of God and of the Lamb 2down the middle of the great street of the city. On each side of the river stood the tree of life,e bearing twelve crops of fruit, yielding its fruit every month. And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations.f 3No longer will there be any curse.g The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in the city, and his servants will serve him.h 4They will see his face,i and his name will be on their foreheads.j 5There will be no more night.k They will not need the light of a lamp or the light of the sun, for the Lord God will give them light.l And they will reign for ever and ever.m
John and the Angel
6The angel said to me,n “These words are trustworthy and true.o The Lord, the God who inspires the prophets,p sent his angelq to show his servants the things that must soon take place.”
7“Look, I am coming soon!r Blesseds is the one who keeps the words of the prophecy written in this scroll.”t
8I, John, am the one who heard and saw these things.u And when I had heard and seen them, I fell down to worship at the feetv of the angel who had been showing them to me. 9But he said to me, “Don’t do that! I am a fellow servant with you and with your fellow prophets and with all who keep the words of this scroll.w Worship God!”x
10Then he told me, “Do not seal upy the words of the prophecy of this scroll,z because the time is near.a 11Let the one who does wrong continue to do wrong; let the vile person continue to be vile; let the one who does right continue to do right; and let the holy person continue to be holy.”b
Epilogue: Invitation and Warning
12“Look, I am coming soon!c My reward is with me,d and I will give to each person according to what they have done.e 13I am the Alpha and the Omega,f the First and the Last,g the Beginning and the End.h
14“Blessed are those who wash their robes,i that they may have the right to the tree of lifej and may go through the gatesk into the city.l 15Outsidem are the dogs,n those who practice magic arts, the sexually immoral, the murderers, the idolaters and everyone who loves and practices falsehood.
16“I, Jesus,o have sent my angelp to give you this testimony for the churches.q I am the Rootr and the Offspring of David,s and the bright Morning Star.”t
17The Spiritu and the bridev say, “Come!” And let the one who hears say, “Come!” Let the one who is thirsty come; and let the one who wishes take the free gift of the water of life.w
18I warn everyone who hears the words of the prophecy of this scroll:x If anyone adds anything to them,y God will add to that person the plagues described in this scroll.z 19And if anyone takes words awaya from this scroll of prophecy,b God will take away from that person any share in the tree of lifec and in the Holy City, which are described in this scroll.
20He who testifies to these thingsd says, “Yes, I am coming soon.”e
Amen. Come, Lord Jesus.f
21The grace of the Lord Jesus be with God’s people.g Amen.
1 1:4 That is, the sevenfold Spirit
1 2:1 Or messenger; also in verses 8,12 and 18
1 3:1 Or messenger; also in verses 7 and 14
2 3:1 That is, the sevenfold Spirit
1 4:5 That is, the sevenfold Spirit
1 5:6 That is, the sevenfold Spirit
2 5:10 Some manuscripts they reign
1 6:6 Or about 1 kilogram
3 6:6 Or about 3 kilograms
5 6:11 The Greek word for brothers and sisters (adelphoi) refers here to believers, both men and women, as part of God’s family; also in 12:10; 19:10.
7 6:17 Some manuscripts his
1 8:11 Wormwood is a bitter substance.
1 13:1 Some manuscripts And I
2 13:8 Or written from the creation of the world in the book of life belonging to the Lamb who was slain
3 13:10 Some manuscripts anyone kills
5 13:18 Or is humanity’s number
3 14:20 That is, about 180 miles or about 300 kilometers
1 15:3 Some manuscripts ages
1 16:21 Or about 45 kilograms
1 20:4 Or God; I also saw those who
3 21:16 That is, about 1,400 miles or about 2,200 kilometers
4 21:17 That is, about 200 feet or about 65 meters
6 21:20 The precise identification of some of these precious stones is uncertain.
1 22:16 The Greek is plural.
1:3 Blessed. The first of seven beatitudes in the book (see 14:13; 16:15; 19:9; 20:6; 22:7,14). “Blessed” means much more than “happy.” It describes the favorable circumstances granted by God to a person (see notes on Ps 1:1; Mt 5:3). prophecy. Includes not only foretelling the future but also proclaiming any word from God—whether command, instruction, history or prediction (see 1Co 14:3 and note). time is near. See note on Jas 5:9.
1:4 seven churches. Located an average of 50 miles from each other, forming a very rough oval, connected by roads moving clockwise north from Ephesus and coming around full circle from Laodicea (east of Ephesus; see map). Apparently the entire book of Revelation (including the seven letters) was sent to each church (v. 11). See note on 2:1—3:22. Asia. A Roman province lying in modern western Turkey. Grace and peace. See note on Ro 1:7. who is . . . was . . . is to come. A paraphrase of the divine name from Ex 3:14–15. Cf. Heb 13:8. seven spirits. See NIV text note; see also Zec 4:2 and note and cf. 4:10.
1:5–6 has freed us . . . has made us . . . kingdom and priests. Emphasizes these blessings as present possessions already enjoyed by the believer (see also 5:9–10).
1:6 a kingdom and priests. This OT designation of Israel (see notes on Ex 19:6; Zec 3) is applied in the NT to the church (1Pe 2:5,9).
1:8 the Alpha and the Omega. The first and last letters of the Greek alphabet. God is the beginning and the end (see 21:6). He sovereignly rules over all human history. In 22:13 Jesus applies the same title to himself; see also “the First and the Last” (v. 17; 2:8; 22:13). Almighty. Nine of the 10 occurrences of this Greek term in the NT are in Revelation (here; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:7,14; 19:6,15; 21:22). The other one is in 2Co 6:18.
1:9 suffering . . . kingdom . . . patient endurance. Three pivotal themes in Revelation: (1) suffering (2:9–10,22; 7:14), (2) kingdom (11:15; 12:10; 16:10; 17:12,17–18), (3) patient endurance (2:2–3,19; 3:10; 13:10; 14:12). Patmos. A small (four by eight miles), rocky island in the Aegean Sea some 50 miles southwest of Ephesus, off the coast of modern Turkey (see map; see also photos here and here). It may have served as a Roman penal settlement. Eusebius, the “father of church history” (ad 265–340), reports that John was released from Patmos under the emperor Nerva (96–98).
1:10 the Lord’s Day. A technical term for the first day of the week—so named because Jesus rose from the dead on that day. It was also the day on which the Christians met (Ac 20:7) and took up collections (1Co 16:2). in the Spirit. A state in which John was receptive to a divine vision, like Peter’s in Ac 10:10 (see note there; cf. note on 4:2).
1:11 scroll. Pieces of papyrus or parchment sewn together and rolled on a spindle (see note on Ex 17:14). The book form was not invented until the second century ad. seven churches. See note on v. 4.
1:13 son of man. See notes on Da 7:13; Mk 8:31. robe . . . to his feet. The high priest wore a full-length robe (Ex 28:4; 29:5). Reference to Christ as high priest is supported by the reference to the golden sash around his chest (cf. Ex 28:4; 29:9).
1:18 Living One. Based on OT references to the “living God” (e.g., Jos 3:10; Ps 42:2; 84:2). In contrast to the dead gods of paganism, Christ possesses life in his essential nature (cf. Jn 1:4 and note). keys of death and Hades. Absolute control over their domain (see Mt 16:18 and note).
1:19 Many see a threefold division in this verse and take it as a clue to the entire structure of the book. “What you have seen” would be the inaugural vision of ch. 1; “what is now” would be the letters to the seven churches (chs. 2–3); “what will take place later” would be everything from ch. 4 on. An alternative interpretation sees the initial clause as the essential unit (it parallels v. 11), followed by two explanatory clauses. The sense would be: “Write, therefore, what you are about to see, i.e., both what is now and what will take place later.” Some who hold the latter view make no attempt to outline the book on this basis, maintaining that there is a mixture of “now” and “later” throughout.
1:20 The first of several places where the symbols are interpreted (see also 17:15,18). angels. Either (1) heavenly messengers or (2) earthly messengers/ministers (see NIV text note).
2:1—3:22 A few take the seven letters as a preview of church history in its downward course toward Laodicean lukewarmness. Most interpret them as characteristic of various kinds of Christian congregations that have existed from John’s day until the present time. In either case, they were historical churches in Asia Minor (see maps here, here, and here). A general pattern in the letters is: a characteristic of Christ, a commendation, a complaint, a correction and a conclusion.
2:2 tested. The necessity of testing for correct doctrine and dependable advice was widely recognized in the early church (1Co 14:29; 1Th 5:21; 1Jn 4:1).
2:4 the love you had at first. For Christ and/or for one another.
2:5 remove your lampstand. Immediate judgment.
2:6 Nicolaitans. A heretical sect within the church that had worked out a compromise with the pagan society. Its adherents apparently taught that spiritual liberty gave them sufficient leeway to practice idolatry and immorality. Tradition identifies them with “Nicolas from Antioch, a convert to Judaism” (Ac 6:5), who was one of the first seven deacons in the Jerusalem church—though the evidence is merely circumstantial. A similar group at Pergamum held the teaching of Balaam (vv. 14–15), and some at Thyatira were followers of Jezebel (v. 20). From their heretical tendencies it would appear that all three groups were Nicolaitans or at least part of the same sect.
2:7 To the one who is victorious. The challenge to be victorious in the battle against evil (12:11) occurs in each letter (here; vv. 11,17,26; 3:5,12,21). There may be an intentional wordplay between the Greek word in v. 6 for “Nicolaitans” (Nikolaitōn, meaning “victory people”) and the word here for “victorious” (nikōnti). Those who faithfully hold to the teaching of Jesus are the truly victorious people. paradise. Originally a Persian word for a park or garden (see note on Lk 23:43). In Revelation it symbolizes the eschatological state in which God and believers are restored to the perfect fellowship that existed before sin entered the world.
2:8 Smyrna. A proud and beautiful Asian city (modern Izmir) closely aligned with Rome and eager to meet its demands for emperor worship. This plus a large and actively hostile Jewish population made it extremely difficult to live there as a Christian. Polycarp, the most famous of the early martyrs, was bishop of Smyrna. the First and the Last. See note on 1:17. died . . . came to life. See 1:18 and note.
2:9 who say they are Jews. See Ro 2:28–29. synagogue of Satan. A bold metaphor directed against unbelieving and hostile Jews in Smyrna and Philadelphia who were persecuting Christians. Cf. Jesus’ scathing rebuke in Jn 8:44; see also 2Co 11:14–15. The Jewish synagogue was a gathering place for worship, study and communal activities. This language is not to be generalized to Jews beyond the specific individuals to whom they were originally addressed. Satan. See notes on Mt 16:23; 1Jn 3:8.
2:10 devil. Greek diabolos, meaning “accuser” or “adversary.” persecution. See the warnings by Jesus (Jn 15:20) and Paul (2Ti 3:12). ten days. Probably indicates a limited period of suffering. life as your victor’s crown. The crown that is eternal life. “Crown” does not refer to a royal crown (12:3; 13:1; 19:12) but to the garland or wreath awarded to the winner in athletic contests (3:11; 4:4,10; 6:2; 9:7; 12:1; 14:14).
2:11 The one who is victorious. See note on v. 7. second death. The lake of fire (20:14; see 20:6; 21:8).
2:12 Pergamum. Modern Bergama; the ancient capital of Asia, built on a cone-shaped hill rising 1,000 feet above the surrounding valley. Its name in Greek means “citadel.” See map. The ancient temple of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, was there. It also had a large altar to Zeus (see photo), as well as a temple of Athena. One can still see there the remains of a temple of Asklepios, the god of healing. double-edged sword. See note on 1:16.
2:13 where Satan has his throne. Satan “ruled” from Pergamum in that it was the official center of emperor worship in Asia. See photos here and here; see also Purpose. Antipas. First martyr of Asia. According to tradition he was slowly roasted to death in a bronze kettle during the reign of Domitian (81–96). faithful witness. The Lord’s title in 1:5.
2:14 teaching of Balaam. Balaam advised the Midianite women how to lead the Israelites astray (Nu 25:1–2; 31:16; cf. Jude 11 and notes on Nu 22:5,8). He is a fitting prototype of corrupt teachers who deceive believers into compromise with worldliness. food sacrificed to idols . . . immorality. See Ac 15:20,29.
2:15 Nicolaitans. See note on v. 6.
2:16 sword of my mouth. The long sword (see note on 1:16).
2:17 victorious. See note on v. 7. hidden manna. The heavenly food available to the believer who overcomes (cf. Ps 78:24), in contrast to the unclean food of the Balaamites. white stone. Certain kinds of stones were used as tokens for various purposes. In the context of a Messianic banquet the white stone may have been for the purpose of admission. new name. The name of the victor (3:12; Isa 62:2; 65:15).
2:18 Thyatira. Modern Akhisar. Founded by Seleucus I (311–280 bc) as a military outpost, it was noted for its many trade guilds. Lydia, “a dealer in purple cloth,” was from Thyatira (see note on Ac 16:14). eyes . . . like blazing fire. See note on 1:14; cf. Da 10:6. burnished bronze. A refined alloy of copper or bronze with metallic zinc (1:15).
2:20 Jezebel. See 1Ki 16:31; 2Ki 9:22,30–37. The name is used here as an epithet for a prominent woman in the congregation who undermined loyalty to God by promoting tolerance toward pagan practices. sexual immorality . . . food sacrificed to idols. See v. 14.
2:22 bed of suffering. Disease was often considered as appropriate punishment for sins (cf. 1Co 11:29–30).
2:23 her children. Jezebel is the spiritual mother of all who pursue antinomian (libertine) doctrines. he who searches hearts and minds. Cf. Ps 7:9; Pr 24:12; Jer 11:20; 17:10. “Minds” probably refers here to the will and the affections; “hearts” may designate the center of rational life. according to your deeds. Judgment based on works is taught by Jesus (Mt 16:27) and Paul (Ro 2:6), as well as John (Rev 18:6; 20:12–13; 22:12).
2:24 Satan’s so-called deep secrets. Later Gnosticism (see Introduction to 1 John: Gnosticism) taught that in order to defeat Satan one had to enter his stronghold, i.e., experience evil deeply.
2:26 victorious. See note on v. 7.
2:27 rule. Or “shepherd” (a common metaphor for “rule”). iron scepter. Symbolic of the strength of his rule (12:5; 19:15).
3:1 Sardis. Modern Sart. Capital of the ancient kingdom of Lydia, it was a city of great wealth and fame (see photo). The acropolis was a natural citadel on the northern spur of Mount Tmolus. It rose 1,500 feet above the lower valley. seven spirits of God. See 1:4 and note. seven stars. See 1:20 and note.
3:3 come like a thief. Not a reference to the second coming of Christ, because here his coming depends on the church’s refusal to repent. Elsewhere in the NT the clause refers to the second advent (16:15; Mt 24:42–44; 1Th 5:2; 2Pe 3:10). Despite its stunning mountain fortress, Sardis had twice been successfully attacked by stealth because watchmen grew too lax, thinking they were invincible.
3:5 victorious. See note on 2:7. book of life. A divine ledger is first mentioned in Ex 32:32–33 (see note on Ps 69:28; cf. Da 12:1). It was a register of all citizens in the kingdom community. To have one’s name erased from this book would indicate loss of citizenship (13:8; 17:8; 20:12,15; 21:27; Php 4:3).
3:7 Philadelphia. Modern Alashehir; a city of commercial importance conveniently located as the gateway to the high central plateau of the Roman province of Asia. The name means “brotherly love” and commemorates the loyalty and devotion of Attalus II (220–130 bc), the city’s cofounder, to his brother Eumenes II. holy and true. See 6:10. For God as the Holy One, see Isa 40:25; Hab 3:2–3; Mk 1:24; see also notes on Ex 3:5; Lev 11:44. key of David. Christ is the Davidic Messiah with authority to control entrance to the kingdom (Isa 22:22; Mt 16:19).
3:8 open door. Either the door of opportunity or the door to the kingdom. The context favors the latter.
3:9 synagogue of Satan. See 2:9 and note. claim to be Jews. See Ro 2:28–29. These Jews who are persecuting Christians thereby show they are not true Jews. fall down at your feet. An act of complete submission (cf. Isa 45:14; 60:14).
3:10 keep you from. The Greek for this phrase can mean either “keep you from undergoing” or “protect you through.” In its one other NT use, also in a writing of John, it means the latter (Jn 17:15). hour of trial. Normally referring to the period of testing that precedes the consummation of the kingdom (see 13:5–10; Mt 24:4–28; cf. Da 12:1; Mk 13:19; 2Th 2:1–12; see also essay). inhabitants of the earth. See 6:10 and note.
3:11 I am coming soon. Since his resurrection, Christ’s return could happen at any time (cf. 1:1; 22:7,12,20; see note on Jas 5:9). The Christian’s response should be constant readiness. crown. See 2:10 and note.
3:12 victorious. See note on 2:7. temple. See note on 7:15. name of my God. See 14:1; 22:4. new Jerusalem. See 21:2,10. write on them my new name. Names revealed character. Christ’s new name symbolizes all that he is by virtue of his redemptive work for humankind. This awaits the second advent.
3:14 Laodicea. Near modern Denizli. The wealthiest city in Phrygia during Roman times, it was widely known for its banking establishments, medical school and textile industry. Its major weakness was lack of an adequate water supply. Each of these characteristics is reflected in the letter. the Amen. Isa 65:16 speaks of “the God of the Amen,” i.e., “the one true God.” As a personal designation it describes one who is totally trustworthy and faithful. faithful and true witness. See 1:5; 19:11. ruler. The Greek word can mean first in point of time (“beginning”) or first in rank (“ruler”).
3:16 lukewarm—neither hot nor cold. “Hot” may refer to the hot, medicinal waters of nearby Hierapolis; “cold” to the cool mountain streams of nearby Colossae. Aqueducts brought water from these locations to Laodicea, and it was known for being tepid by the time it arrived. The church in Laodicea was similarly “lukewarm,” supplying neither healing for the spiritually sick nor refreshment for the spiritually weary. spit. Or “vomit.”
3:18 Refers to three items in which Laodicea took great pride: financial wealth, an extensive textile industry and a famous eye salve.
3:20 I stand at the door and knock. Usually taken as a picture of Christ knocking on the door of the individual unbeliever’s heart. In context, however, the self-deluded members of the congregation are being addressed. eat with that person. An act of deep fellowship.
4:1—5:14 These two chapters constitute an introduction to chs. 6–20. In the throne room of heaven, the Lamb assumes the responsibility of initiating the great final conflict with the forces of evil, the end of which will see the Lamb triumphant and the devil consigned to the lake of fire.
4:2 in the Spirit. In a state of heightened spiritual awareness by the power of the Spirit (see note on 1:10; see also 17:3; 21:10). throne in heaven. The depiction of God ruling from his throne in heaven is a regular feature of the OT (e.g., Ps 47:8; Isa 6:1).
4:3 jasper . . . ruby . . . emerald. Since God dwells in “unapproachable light” and is one “whom no one has seen or can see” (1Ti 6:16), he is described in terms of the reflected brilliance of precious stones—an emerald rainbow around the throne (cf. Eze 1:26–28). These same stones are among those prescribed for the breastpiece of the high priest (Ex 28:17–20), who foreshadowed the great high priest, Jesus Christ (Heb 4:14).
4:4 twenty-four elders. Representative of either the whole company of believers in heaven or an exalted angelic order worshiping and serving God there (vv. 9–11; 5:5–14; 7:11–17; 11:16–18; 14:3; 19:4). The number 24 is often understood to reflect the 12 Israelite tribes of the OT and the 12 apostles of the NT (cf. 21:12–14).
4:5 flashes of lightning . . . thunder . . . blazing. Symbolic of the awesome majesty and power of God (cf. the manifestation of God at Sinai, Ex 19:16–19; cf. also the conventional OT depiction of God’s coming in mighty power to deliver his people, Ps 18:12–15; 77:18). In Revelation, thunder and lightning always mark an important event connected with the heavenly temple (8:5; 11:19; 16:18). seven spirits. See note on 1:4; “seven” symbolizes fullness, completeness or perfection.
4:6 sea of glass. See 15:2. The source of the imagery may be Eze 1:22 (cf. Ex 24:10), but it is also possible that it is the basin in the heavenly temple (cf. 11:19; 14:15,17; 15:5–6,8; 16:1,17), whose counterpart in the earthly temple was referred to as the Sea (1Ki 7:23–25; 2Ki 16:17; 2Ch 4:2, 4,10,15; Jer 27:19). Other features of the temple in heaven are: the lamps (v. 5), the altar (6:9), the altar of incense (8:3) and the ark of the covenant (11:19). four living creatures. An exalted order of angelic beings whose task is to guard the heavenly throne and lead in worship and adoration of God. covered with eyes. Nothing escapes their attention.
4:7 Ezekiel in a vision also saw four living creatures, each of which had four faces—human in front, lion on the right, ox on the left and eagle behind (Eze 1:6,10). In John’s vision the creatures were in the form of a lion, an ox and a flying eagle, and one had a face like that of a man. Even the strongest members of God’s creation worship him.
4:8 six wings. This feature of the living creatures and the praise they speak seem to be modeled after the seraphim of Isa 6:2–3; thus the living creatures combine features of the cherubim of Eze 1 and 10 (see note on v. 7) and the seraphim of Isa 6. Holy, holy, holy. See note on Isa 6:3. Rev 4:8 is the first of five praise hymns in chs. 4–5: 4:8; 4:11; 5:9–10; 5:12; 5:13. The first two are directed to God the Father, the next two to God the Son, and the final one to both. was . . . is . . . is to come. An expansion of the divine name in Ex 3:14–15 (see note on Rev 1:4). God’s power and holiness extend from eternity past to eternity future (cf. Isa 41:4).
4:10 lay their crowns. Acknowledgment that God alone is worthy of ultimate praise and worship.
5:1 scroll. See note on 1:11; cf. the little scroll of 10:2,8–10. writing on both sides. Like the stone tablets of the OT covenant law (see Ex 32:15 and note; Eze 2:9–10) and many imperial edicts in John’s day. sealed with seven seals. Indicating absolute inviolability (cf. Isa 29:11; Da 12:4).
5:2 mighty angel. Powerful enough to address his challenge to the whole creation (cf. 10:1; 18:21 and the angel with great authority and splendor in 18:2).
5:3 heaven . . . earth . . . under the earth. A conventional phrase used to express the universality of the proclamation—no creature was worthy. It is not intended to teach a threefold division of the universe (cf. Ex 20:4; Php 2:10).
5:5 Lion of the tribe of Judah. A Messianic title taken from Ge 49:8–10, where Judah is named a “lion’s cub” and promised the right to rule “until he to whom it belongs shall come” (see also Eze 21:27). Root of David. See Isa 11:1,10, which looks forward to the ideal king in the line of David. The title is interpreted Messianically in Ro 15:12.
5:6 Lamb. Pictured as the sacrifice for sin (“slain”; cf. Isa 53:7; Jn 1:29) and as the mighty conqueror (17:14). Revelation uses a special word for “lamb” (29 times in Revelation and only once elsewhere in the NT—Jn 21:15). The idea of the lamb as a victorious military leader seems to come from the apocalyptic tradition (1 Enoch 90:9; Testament of Joseph 19:8; see also the warrior ram of Da 8). as if it had been slain. Bearing the marks of its slaughter—he has come to power through his death. seven horns. The horn is an ancient Jewish symbol for power or strength (cf. Dt 33:17). The fourth beast of Da 7:7,20 had ten horns (cf. Da 8:3,5). Seven horns would symbolize full strength. seven spirits. See note on 4:5.
5:8 harp. An ancient stringed instrument (not the large modern harp) used especially to accompany songs (Ps 33:2). bowls full of incense. The bowl was a flat, shallow cup. Incense was a normal feature of Hebrew ritual (see Dt 33:10; cf. Ps 141:2; Rev 8:3–4). prayers of God’s people. In later Jewish thought angels often present to God the prayers of God’s people (Tobit 12:15; 3 Baruch 11). God’s people. See notes on Ro 1:7; Eph 1:1; Col 1:4.
5:9 new song. Cf. 14:3; Ps 96:1; 144:9; Isa 42:10. In the OT a new song celebrated a new act of divine deliverance or blessing (see Ps 33:3 and note). That is also its sense here; notice the theme of the song. with your blood you purchased . . . persons. The sacrificial death of Christ is central to NT teaching (Mk 10:45; 1Co 6:20).
5:11 thousands upon thousands. A rhetorical phrase for an indefinitely large number (see Da 7:10; cf. Heb 12:22).
5:13 heaven . . . earth . . . under the earth. See note on v. 3.
6:1 Lamb. See v. 16; see also 5:6 and note. seven seals. The first of three sevenfold numbered series of judgments (cf. the seven trumpets in chs. 8–9 and the seven bowls in ch. 16). four living creatures. See 4:6–7 and notes.
6:2 white horse. The imagery of the “four horsemen of the Apocalypse” comes from Zec 1:8–17; 6:1–8 (see note on Zec 6:2–3). Each color in Rev 6 corresponds to the character of the rider’s activity: White symbolizes conquest. Major interpretations of the rider on the white horse are: (1) Christ (cf. 19:11), (2) the antichrist and (3) the spirit of conquest. The last of these establishes a more natural sequence with the other three riders (which symbolize bloodshed, famine and death). bow. A battle weapon.
6:4 another horse . . . a fiery red one. Symbolizing bloodshed and war (cf. Zec 1:8; 6:2). people kill each other. If the white horse is conquest from without, the red horse may be internal revolution. sword. See note on 1:16.
6:5 black horse. Symbolizing famine (cf. Zec 6:2,6). The sequence is thus conquest, bloodshed, famine. pair of scales. A balance beam with scales hung from either end. Weights were originally stones. See photo.
6:6 wheat . . . barley. Two pounds (1 kg) of wheat would be enough for only one person. Six pounds (3 kg) of the less nutritious barley would be barely enough for a small family. Famine had inflated prices to at least ten times their normal level. oil and the wine. Sets limits on the destruction by the rider of the black horse. The roots of the olive tree and grapevine go deeper and would not be immediately affected by a limited drought. If Revelation was written in the mid-90s, readers may well have remembered a famine in 92 that had precisely these results.
6:8 pale horse. Describes the ashen appearance of the dead; it symbolizes death. Hades. Generally equivalent to Hebrew Sheol (see 1:18; 20:13–14; see also note on Mt 16:18). sword . . . wild beasts. See Eze 5:16–17 and note.
6:9 under the altar. In OT ritual the blood of the slaughtered animal was poured out at the base of the altar (Ex 29:12; Lev 4:7).
6:10 inhabitants of the earth. A regular designation in Revelation for humankind in its hostility to God (3:10; 8:13; 11:10; 13:8,12; 17:2,8). avenge our blood. See Dt 32:35 and note.
6:11 white robe. Symbol of blessedness and purity (3:5,18; 4:4; 7:9,13; 19:14). until the full number . . . were killed. Jewish thought held that God rules the world according to a predetermined time schedule (see 2 Esdras 4:35–37) and that the end awaits the death of a certain number of the righteous (1 Enoch 47:4). brothers and sisters. See note on Ro 1:13.
6:13 stars . . . fell. One of the signs immediately preceding the coming of the Son of Man (Mk 13:25–26). figs. Green figs appearing in the winter and easily blown from the tree, which at that season has no leaves.
6:15 generals. A general was a Roman officer who commanded a cohort, i.e., about 1,000 men. hid in caves. See Jer 4:29.
6:16 wrath of the Lamb. Only here is wrath attributed to the Lamb, but it is related to God’s wrath (see “their wrath” in v. 17). God’s wrath is a subject that recurs throughout the NT as both present (see Ro 1:18 and note) and future (19:15). It is prophesied in the OT (Zep 1:14–18; Na 1:6; Mal 3:2).
7:1–17 Ch. 7 separates the final seal (8:1) from the preceding six (the same feature is found in the trumpet sequence; see 10:1—11:13). Ch. 7 contains two visions: (1) the sealing of the 144,000 (vv. 1–8) and (2) the innumerable multitude (vv. 9–17).
7:2 seal of the living God. Ancient documents were folded and tied, and a lump of clay was pressed over the knot. The sender would then stamp the hardening clay with his signet ring or roll it with a cylinder seal, which authenticated and protected the contents. The sealing in ch. 7 results in the name of the Lord being stamped on the forehead of his followers (see 9:4; 14:1; cf. 22:4). Its primary purpose is to protect the people of God in the coming judgments. For the background see Eze 9:4, where the mark was the Hebrew letter Taw, made like an X or + (see also note on Eze 9:4).
7:4 144,000. Some find here a reference to members of actual Jewish tribes, the faithful Jewish remnant of the “great tribulation” (v. 14). Others take the passage as symbolic of all the faithful believers who live during the period of tribulation.
7:5 Judah. Perhaps listed before Reuben, his older brother, because the Messiah belonged to the tribe of Judah (but see note on Ge 37:21).
7:6 Manasseh. One of the two Joseph tribes (Ephraim and Manasseh), yet mentioned separately, probably to make up 12 tribes since Dan is omitted. This omission is due perhaps to Dan’s early connection with idolatry (Jdg 18:30), or to a tradition that the antichrist was to come from that tribe. See note on 1Ch 2:1–2.
7:9 After this I looked. John has only heard the number 12,000 called out for each Israelite tribe. He now looks to see them but instead observes a multi-ethnic gathering too big to count. This may suggest that both pictures, different as they are, refer to the same reality—the complete assembly of the redeemed from all time. Cf. how John hears about a lion but then sees a lamb in 5:5–6—with both images symbolizing Jesus. great multitude. Identified in v. 14 as those who have come out of the “great tribulation.” every nation, tribe, people and language. All four are mentioned together also in 5:9; 11:9; 13:7; 14:6. Cf. 10:11; 17:15, in which one of the four is changed. palm branches. Used for festive occasions (see Lev 23:40; Jn 12:13 and note).
7:11 elders. See note on 4:4. four living creatures. See note on 4:6.
7:12 Praise . . . strength. The sevenfold list of attributes expresses complete or perfect praise (see note on 5:12).
7:14 the great tribulation. The period of final hostility prior to Christ’s return to the earth (cf. Mt 24:21 and note). Some hold that the beginning of this hostility was already being experienced by the church of John’s day (cf. 1Jn 2:18 and note; cf. also article).
7:15 temple. All 16 references to the temple in Revelation use the word that designates the temple proper rather than the larger precincts. It is the place where God’s presence dwells. Thus no longer may only one tribe (Levites) go into God’s presence, but all believers serve God there, for they have been made priests in God’s service (1:6; 5:10; 20:6). shelter them with his presence. The imagery would evoke memories of the tabernacle in the wilderness (Lev 26:11–13).
7:17 shepherd. Ancient kings often referred to themselves as the shepherds of their people (see Ps 23:1 and note).
8:1 silence in heaven. A dramatic pause before the next series of plagues.
8:2 seven trumpets. In OT times the trumpet served to announce important events and give signals in time of war. The seven trumpets of Rev 8–9; 11:15–19 announce a series of plagues more severe than the seals but not as completely devastating as the bowls (ch. 16).
8:3 censer. A firepan used to hold live charcoal for the burning of incense (cf. Ex 27:3; 1Ki 7:50). with the prayers. Most translations consider the incense to be mingled “with” prayers. The Greek for this phrase also allows a translation that takes the incense to represent the prayers.
8:4 Although the angel is involved in presenting to God the prayers of God’s people, he does not make them acceptable. The Jewish apocalyptic concept of angels as mediators finds no place in the NT. Angels did function as mediators in the old covenant era (see Ac 7:38 and note), but there is no record of such a mediatorial function on the part of angels in the new covenant era.
8:5 thunder . . . earthquake. See note on 4:5.
8:7 hail and fire mixed with blood. Cf. the imagery of the seventh plague on Egypt (Ex 9:13–25; cf. Eze 38:22). A third of the earth was burned up. This fraction indicates that the punishment announced by the trumpets is not yet complete and final (the same fraction appears in each of the next three plagues: vv. 8–9,10–11,12). A smaller fraction (a fourth) of devastation accompanied the opening of the fourth seal (6:8).
8:8 sea turned into blood. Reminiscent of the first plague on Egypt (Ex 7:20–21).
8:11 Wormwood. A plant with a strong, bitter taste (see NIV text note). It is used here as a metaphor for calamity and sorrow (Pr 5:3–4; Jer 9:15; La 3:19); its bitterness suggests death. waters turned bitter. The reverse of the miracle at Marah, where bitter waters were made sweet (Ex 15:25).
8:12 a third of the sun was struck. In the ninth plague on Egypt, thick darkness covered the land for three days (Ex 10:21–23). References to the Egyptian plagues suggest that in Revelation we have the final exodus of God’s people from the bondage of a world controlled by hostile powers.
8:13 Woe! Woe! Woe . . . ! These three woes correspond to the three final trumpet plagues (see 9:12; 11:14 [10:1—11:13 is an interlude]; the seven bowl judgments of chs. 15–16 apparently constitute the third woe). The woes fall on the unbelieving world (the phrase “the inhabitants of the earth” refers to the wicked; see note on 6:10), not on the righteous (9:4; but see note there).
9:1 star that had fallen. The star in 8:10 was part of a cosmic disturbance; here the star is a divine agent, probably an angel (cf. 20:1). Abyss. Conceived of as the subterranean abode of demonic hordes and Satan (20:1–3; Lk 8:31). This Greek word means “very deep” or “bottomless” and is used in the Septuagint (the pre-Christian Greek translation of the OT) to translate the Hebrew word for the primeval deep (Ge 1:2; 7:11; Pr 8:28). Seven of the nine NT occurrences of the Greek word Abyss are in Revelation.
9:3 These are likely symbolic descriptions. It is unwise to attempt to identify these images with modern weapons of warfare that would have been unknown in the first century. locusts. For background, see the plague of locusts in Ex 10:1–20; see also photo. Joel 1:2—2:11 interprets the locust plague as a foreshadowing of the devastations that accompany the day of the Lord. Locusts traveled in enormous swarms and could strip a land of all vegetation. In 1866, 200,000 people died in a famine in Algiers following a locust plague.
9:4 people who did not have the seal of God. The woe does not affect the “servants of . . . God” (7:3; see 7:14; 12:17 and note; 13:7; 20:4). Cf. the Israelites, who were protected from the Egyptian plagues (Ex 8:22; 9:4,26; 10:23; 11:7).
9:5 five months. A limited period of time suggested by the life cycle of the locust or the dry season (spring through late summer, about five months), in which the danger of a locust invasion is always present.
9:6 seek death but will not find it. Contrast Hos 10:8 (quoted in Lk 23:30). Cornelius Gallus, a Roman poet living in the first century bc, wrote: “Worse than any wound is the wish to die and yet not be able to do so.”
9:7 human faces. The locusts appear to have the cunning of intelligent beings. They do not simply use brute force.
9:8 lions’ teeth. Indicating the locusts were a force of destruction.
9:9 breastplates. The breastplate was a coat of mail that protected the front.
9:10 five months. See note on v. 5.
9:11 Abaddon. A personification of destruction (cf. Pr 15:11).
9:13 horns of the golden altar. See 8:3–5. The horns were projections at the four corners of the altar (Ex 27:2). Those fleeing judgment could seek mercy by taking hold of the horns (1Ki 1:50–51; 2:28; see note on Am 3:14).
9:14 four angels. Apparently in charge of the demonic horsemen (vv. 15–19). Euphrates. See note on Ge 15:18.
9:15 hour . . . day . . . month . . . year. Apocalyptic thought views God as acting according to an exact timetable. to kill. Because these are explicitly demonic creatures (locusts from the Abyss), the warfare may be spiritual rather than physical.
9:16 twice ten thousand times ten thousand. The reference is most likely general, intending an incalculable host rather than a specific number (cf. Ps 68:17; Da 7:10; Rev 5:11 and note).
9:17 breastplates . . . horses . . . lions. Compare the description of the locusts in vv. 7–9. See note on v. 9. out of their mouths came fire. Cf. the two witnesses in 11:5.
9:19 tails were like snakes, having heads. Emphasizes the demonic origin of the horses (cf. 12:9).
9:21 Nor did they repent. See 16:9,11. Even physical pain will not change the rebellious heart. magic arts. Involved the mixing of various ingredients (the Greek for this phrase is pharmakon, from which comes the English “pharmacy”) for magical purposes. Believers at Ephesus publicly burned their books of magic, valued at 50,000 drachmas (Ac 19:19).
10:2 little scroll. Not the same as the scroll of destiny in ch. 5, since that scroll was intended to reveal its contents and this scroll was to be eaten. Furthermore, the term “little scroll” sets off this particular scroll from all others. right foot on the sea . . . left foot on the land. Indicates his tremendous size and symbolizes that his coming has to do with the destiny of all creation (cf. v. 6).
10:3 seven thunders. In 8:5; 11:19; 16:18 thunder is connected with divine punishment. Here, too, it anticipates the judgment to fall on those who refuse God’s love and grace.
10:4 Seal up. In Da 8:26; 12:4,9 the prophecies are sealed until the last times, when they will be opened. What the seven thunders said will not be revealed until their proper time. Cf. the angel’s instructions in 22:10 not to seal the prophecies of Revelation.
10:6 him who lives for ever and ever. Of special encouragement in a context of impending martyrdom (cf. 1:18; 4:9–10; 15:7). no more delay. The martyrs in 6:9–11 were told to rest for a while, but now the end has come (cf. Da 12:1; Mk 13:19).
10:7 mystery of God. In apocalyptic thought mysteries were secrets preserved in heaven and revealed to the one who receives them. Here the mystery is that God has won the victory over the forces of evil and will reign for ever and ever (cf. 11:15).
10:9 Take it and eat it. Grasp and digest fully the contents of the scroll (cf. Ps 119:103). turn your stomach sour. The message of the little scroll (11:1–13) will involve suffering—the bad news. in your mouth . . . sweet as honey. God’s eternal purposes will experience no further delay—the good news.
10:11 prophesy again. The prophecies following the sounding of the seventh trumpet in 11:15. peoples . . . kings. See note on 7:9.
11:1 reed. A bamboo-like cane that often reached a height of 20 feet and grew in abundance in the waters along the banks of the Jordan. Straight and light, the reed was a convenient measuring rod (Eze 40:3; Zec 2:1–2). temple. See note on 7:15, though here the sanctuary on earth is what is measured. Some hold that the symbolic reference is to the believing church, others that it refers to believing Israel. Some representatives of the latter view believe that “temple” should be understood more literally as a future rebuilt temple. altar. The context of worship suggests that this is the altar of burnt offering, where sacrifices were offered.
11:2 outer court. The court of the Gentiles, approximately 26 acres. trample on the holy city. Cf. Ps 79:1; Isa 63:18; Lk 21:24. 42 months. Three and a half years. Some find the background for this period in the time of Jewish suffering under the Syrian tyrant, Antiochus Epiphanes (168–165 bc). Others point out that, whereas the temple was desolated for three years under Antiochus, the figure used in Revelation is three and a half years, which no doubt looks back to the dividing of the 70th “seven” (Da 9:27) into two equal parts. The same time period is also designated as 1,260 days (v. 3; 12:6) and as “a time, times and half a time” (12:14; cf. Da 7:25; 12:7). This period of time evidently became a conventional symbol for a limited period of unrestrained wickedness.
11:3 two witnesses. Modeled after Moses and Elijah (see notes on vv. 5–6). They may symbolize testifying believers in the final period before Christ returns, or they may be two actual individuals who will be martyred for the proclamation of the truth. 1,260 days. See note on v. 2. These are months of 30 days each (42 months x 30 days = 1,260 days). sackcloth. See 6:12; a coarse, dark cloth woven from the hair of goats or camels. It was worn as a sign of mourning and penitence (Joel 1:13; Jnh 3:5–6; Mt 11:21; see note on Ge 37:34).
11:4 The imagery emphasizes that the power for effective testimony is supplied by the Spirit of God (see notes on Zec 4).
11:5 fire comes . . . and devours. Cf. Elijah’s encounters with the messengers of Ahaziah (2Ki 1:10,12).
11:7 the beast. First mention of the major opponent of God’s people in the final days (see chs. 13; 17). That he comes up from the Abyss (see note on 9:1) indicates his demonic character. kill them. They will suffer the same fate as their Lord (v. 8).
11:8 Their bodies will lie in the public square. In the Near East the denial of burial was a flagrant violation of decency. great city. Probably Jerusalem, though some say Rome, Babylon or some other city. It may be symbolic of the world opposed to God (16:19; 17:18; 18:10,16,18–19,21). Sodom (see similarly Isa 1:10) refers to its low level of morality (cf. Ge 19:4–11), and Egypt emphasizes oppression and slavery.
11:9 three and a half days. A short time when compared with the three and a half years of their ministry. refuse them burial. See note on v. 8.
11:10 those who live on the earth. See note on 6:10.
11:11 breath of life from God entered them. A dramatic validation of the true faith (cf. Eze 37:5,10).
11:13 earthquake. See notes on 6:12; Eze 38:19. gave glory to the God of heaven. Probably not an act of repentance but the terrified realization that Christ, not the antichrist, is the true Lord of all. Some, though, see this as the conversion of Israel (Ro 11:26).
11:16 twenty-four elders. See note on 4:4.
11:17 One who is and who was. In 1:4,8; 4:8 he is also the one “who is to come.” This is now omitted because his reign is here pictured as having begun.
11:19 God’s temple in heaven. The sanctuary in heaven (3:12; 7:15; 15:5–8) as distinguished from the sanctuary on earth (11:1). ark of his covenant. The OT ark, a chest of acacia wood (Dt 10:1–2), symbolized the throne or presence of God among his people. It was probably destroyed when Nebuzaradan destroyed the temple in Jerusalem (2Ki 25:8–10). There is no record of the presence of the ark after this time. In the NT the ark symbolizes God’s faithfulness in keeping covenant with his people. lightning . . . hailstorm. See note on 4:5.
12:1 sign. An extraordinary spectacle or event that points beyond itself (cf. Lk 21:11, 25; Ac 2:19). a woman clothed with the sun. Perhaps a symbolic reference to the believing Messianic community (v. 5), though some believe “woman” refers specifically to Israel (see note on v. 7; for the imagery, cf. Ge 37:9–10). twelve stars. Cf. the 12 tribes of Israel.
12:2 cried out in pain. Cf. the similar language describing the rebirth of Jerusalem in Isa 66:7 (Mic 4:10).
12:3 red dragon. Identified in v. 9 (cf. 20:2). Dragons abound in the mythology of ancient peoples (Leviathan in Canaanite lore and Set-Typhon, the red crocodile, in Egypt). In the OT they are normally used metaphorically to depict the enemies of God and of Israel (Ps 74:14; Isa 27:1; Eze 29:3). seven heads. See 13:1; 17:9–11 and notes. ten horns. Symbolizing great power (see 13:1; 17:12 and note).
12:5 a son, a male child. The Messiah. iron scepter. See note on 2:27. snatched up to God. The ascension of Christ.
12:6 wilderness. Not a wasteland but a place of spiritual refuge (cf. Hos 2:14). 1,260 days. The time of spiritual protection corresponds to the time of persecution (see note on 11:2; cf. 13:5).
12:7 Michael. An archangel who defeats Satan in heavenly warfare. In Da 12:1 he is the protector of Israel who will deliver them from tribulation in the last days (cf. vv. 13–17).
12:9 dragon was hurled . . . to the earth. This could be (1) the original casting of Satan out of heaven, (2) Satan’s final exclusion—an explanation of his intense hostility against God’s people in the last days (vv. 12–17), or (3) a flashback to the Messiah’s first coming and Jesus’ defeat of Satan and his demons in Jesus’ public ministry (Lk 10:18). devil, or Satan. See notes on 2:9–10. leads . . . astray. Cf. 2Co 11:3; see also Lk 22:31; Jn 13:2.
12:12 his time is short. The period of final, intense hostility of Satan toward the people of God.
12:13–16 Cf. the similarity to the exodus.
12:14 wilderness. See note on v. 6. a time, times and half a time. One year plus two years plus half a year (see note on 11:2).
12:16 earth helped . . . by opening its mouth. Cf. Nu 16:30–33, where the earth opened and swallowed Korah’s men.
12:17 rest of her offspring. Believers in general, as contrasted with Christ, the male child of vv. 5,13.
13:1 beast coming out of the sea. First mentioned in 11:7. According to some, the beast symbolizes the Roman Empire, the deification of secular authority. According to others, he is the final, personal antichrist. Bringing together these two ideas, still others understand that the beast symbolizes anti-Christian political power that came to expression in the Roman Empire of John’s day, that continues in various ways down through the present era and that will become manifest in the political power of the final antichrist (see note on 14:8). The background seems to be Daniel’s vision of the four great beasts (Da 7:2–7). For the interpreting angel’s explanation of the beast, see 17:8–12 and notes on 17:8,10,12. sea. See 17:15. ten horns. See 17:12 and note. blasphemous name. Many Roman emperors took for themselves titles of deity. Domitian, e.g., was addressed as Dominus et Deus noster (“Our Lord and God”).
13:2 leopard . . . bear . . . lion. John’s beast combined characteristics of Daniel’s four beasts (Da 7:4–6). dragon. See note on 12:3.
13:3 fatal wound . . . healed. Emphasizes the tremendous recuperative power of the beast. whole world was filled with wonder. See 17:8 for a similar reaction.
13:8 book of life. See note on 3:5; cf. 20:12,15. Lamb who was slain. See note on 5:6; cf. Isa 53:7; Jn 1:29,36. slain from the creation of the world. The death of Christ was a redemptive event decreed from eternity. See, however, NIV text note, which affirms that believers’ names were written in the book of life from eternity (cf. 17:8).
13:11 a second beast, coming out of the earth. According to some he symbolizes religious power in the service of secular authorities. According to others he is the personal false prophet who promotes the worship of the first beast (16:13; 19:20; 20:10). two horns like a lamb. He attempts to appear gentle and harmless. spoke like a dragon. See Jesus’ warning in Mt 7:15 about ravenous wolves that come in sheep’s clothing.
13:12 exercised all the authority of the first beast. The trinity of evil is now complete. The beast from the earth is under the authority of the beast from the sea. The latter is subject to the dragon. Satan, secular power and religious compromise (or Satan, the antichrist and the false prophet) join against the cause of God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit.
13:15 the image could speak. Belief in statues that could speak is widely attested in ancient literature. Ventriloquism and other forms of deception were common.
13:16 mark. Whatever its origin—possibly the branding of slaves or enemy soldiers, the sealing and stamping of official documents or the sign of the cross on the forehead of a new Christian—the mark of the beast apparently symbolized allegiance to the demands of emperor worship. In the final days of the antichrist it will be the ultimate test of loyalty (cf. v. 17; 14:9,11; 15:2; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4). It imitates the sealing of the servants of God in ch. 7.
13:17 buy or sell. Economic boycott against all faithful believers. number of its name. In ancient times the letters of the alphabet served for numbers. Riddles using numerical equivalents for names were popular.
13:18 666. Because letters doubled as numerals in both Greek and Hebrew, every word corresponded to a number that was the sum of the value of that word’s individual letters. The oldest known interpretation of 666 was “Neron Caesar.” But the word had to be spelled in Hebrew, not Greek, and with a variant ending (the n at the end of Neron). Many other names have been suggested over the centuries, but perhaps the best explanation lies along different lines altogether—taking 666 as a symbol for a trinity of evil and imperfection, parodying the perfect Trinity—each digit falls just short of the perfect number 7.
14:1 Lamb. See note on 5:6. Mount Zion. In the OT it was first the fortress of the pre-Israelite city of Jerusalem (2Sa 5:7), captured by David and established as his capital. Later it became a virtual synonym for all of Jerusalem. In Revelation, as in Heb 12:22–24, it is usually the heavenly Jerusalem, the eternal dwelling place of God and his people (cf. Gal 4:26). It comes down to the new earth in 21:2–3. 144,000. See note on 7:4. name. Contrast 13:16–18.
14:3 new song. See note on 5:9. The theme is deliverance.
14:4 not defile themselves with women. Probably a symbolic description of believers who kept themselves from defiling relationships with the pagan world system (cf. note on Ex 34:15). follow the Lamb. As his disciples (Mt 19:21; Mk 8:34; Jn 10:4–5,27–30). firstfruits. See Lev 23:9–14. The word is used figuratively in the NT for the first converts in an area (Ro 16:5) and the first to rise from the dead (1Co 15:20). In Revelation believers are considered as a choice offering to God and the Lamb.
14:6 eternal gospel. The content of this “good news” is perhaps found in v. 7.
14:8 Babylon the Great. Ancient Babylon in Mesopotamia was the political, commercial and religious center of a world empire. It was noted for its luxury and moral decadence. The title “Babylon the Great” is taken from Da 4:30. According to some it is used in Revelation (e.g., here and in 16:19; 17:5; 18:2,10,21) for Rome as the center of opposition to God and his people. According to others it represents the whole political, economic and religious system of the world in general under the rule of the antichrist (see note on 13:1). A few have understood it as literal Babylon—rebuilt and restored. Babylon’s fall is proclaimed in Isa 13:17, 19–20; 21:9; Jer 50:39; 51:8. maddening wine of her adulteries. Here Babylon (Rome?) is pictured as a prostitute whose illicit relations are achieved by intoxication (see note on Ex 34:15).
14:10 cup of his wrath. In the OT God’s wrath is commonly pictured as a cup of wine to be drunk (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Jer 25:15). It is not the outworking of impersonal laws of retribution but the response of a righteous God to those who refuse his love and grace. burning sulfur. Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed by a rain of burning sulfur (Ge 19:24). Ps 11:6 speaks of a similar fate for the wicked. The figure occurs elsewhere in the OT and the Apocrypha. It is used several times in the final chapters of Revelation (19:20; 20:10; 21:8).
14:11 There will be no rest day or night. Revelation offers no support for the doctrine of the annihilation of the wicked (also compare 19:20 with 20:10). On the other hand, as in all John’s visions, there is profound symbolism here, since no object can literally burn forever without being consumed. What is absolutely clear, however, is that they have no rest—the rest that only the righteous can look forward to (v. 13; see article).
14:13 Blessed. The second beatitude (see note on 1:3).
14:14 seated on the cloud. Cf. Mt 17:5; 24:30 and notes. son of man. See 1:13 and notes on Da 7:13; Mk 8:31. crown of gold. A victory wreath of gold. See note on 2:10 for the comparison between the victory crown and the royal crown. sickle. The Israelite sickle used for cutting grain was normally a flint or iron blade attached to a curved shaft of wood or bone (see photo).
14:15 harvest of the earth. Symbolizes in a general way the coming judgment (v. 19; Mt 13:30,40–42). Some interpreters think it refers to the ingathering of the righteous at the return of Christ (as a contrast to vv. 17–20).
14:18 another angel, who had charge of the fire. The angel of 8:3–5. Fire is commonly associated with judgment (see La 1:13 and note; Mt 18:8; Lk 9:54; 2Th 1:7). sharp sickle. The context suggests (in contrast to the sickle of v. 14) the smaller grape-knife with which the farmer cut the clusters of grapes from the vine.
14:19 winepress. A rock-hewn trough about eight feet square with a channel leading to a lower and smaller trough. Grapes were thrown into the upper vat and trampled with bare feet. The juice was collected in the lower vat (see note on Hag 2:16). At times mechanical pressure was added. The treading of grapes was a common OT figure for the execution of divine wrath (see Isa 63:3; La 1:15; Joel 3:13 and note). See photo; see also here.
14:20 outside the city. Bloodshed would defile the city (see Joel 3:12–14; Zec 14:1–4; cf. Heb 13:12). 1,600 stadia. See NIV text note; the approximate length of the Holy Land from north to south.
15:1–8 Introduces the last of the three sevenfold series of judgments—the bowls of wrath (see note on 8:2).
15:2 sea of glass. See note on 4:6. victorious over the beast. Cf. the victory of God’s people over the devil in 12:11. number of its name. See notes on 13:16–18. harps. See note on 5:8.
15:5 tabernacle of the covenant law. The dwelling place of God during the wilderness wandering of the Israelites (Ex 40:34–35). It was so named because the ancient tent contained the two tablets of the covenant law brought down from Mount Sinai (Ex 32:15; 38:21; Dt 10:5).
15:6 seven plagues. The last series of plagues (v. 1). golden sashes. Symbolic of governmental and priestly authority (cf. Ex 28:4; 29:8; Isa 22:21).
15:8 filled with smoke. Cf. Ex 40:34; 1Ki 8:10–11; Eze 44:4. Smoke symbolizes the power and glory of God. no one could enter the temple. Both tabernacle and temple provide illustrations: with reference to Moses, Ex 40:35; with reference to the priests, 2Ch 5:14.
16:2 land. Compare the first four bowls (vv. 2–9) with the first four trumpets (8:7–12). ugly, festering sores. Cf. the boils and abscesses of the sixth Egyptian plague (Ex 9:9–11; see also Job 2:7–8,13). mark of the beast. See 13:16 and note.
16:7 altar. Personified as able to praise God.
16:9 refused to repent. In 11:13 the nations were dazzled into homage by the great earthquake. Here they mock and blaspheme God’s name (13:6). But once again, even these horrific judgments are designed to give people one more chance to repent.
16:10 throne of the beast. Cf. 13:2; Satan’s throne in 2:13. The Greek word for “throne” occurs 47 times in Revelation. The other 44 references are to the throne of God or the Lamb. darkness. Cf. Ex 10:21–23. gnawed their tongues. Cf. the scene in 6:15–17.
16:11 God of heaven. Used in Da 2:44 of the sovereign God, who destroys the kingdoms of the world and establishes his own universal and eternal reign.
16:12 Euphrates. See note on Ge 15:18. kings from the East. Evidently Parthian rulers (17:15—18:24), to be distinguished from the “kings of the whole world” (v. 14) who wage the final war against Christ and the armies of heaven (19:11–21).
16:13 frogs. Cf. Ex 8:2,6. Lev 11:10 classifies the frog as an unclean animal. The imagery suggests the deceptive propaganda that will, in the last days, lead people to accept and support the cause of evil. dragon . . . beast . . . false prophet. The evil trinity, introduced in chs. 12–13.
16:14 signs. Cf. 13:13. kings of the whole world. See 6:15. great day of God. See 19:11–21 for the climax of this battle.
16:15 Blessed. The third beatitude (see note on 1:3).
16:16 Armageddon. Probably stands for Hebrew Har Megiddo, “the mountain of Megiddo” (see note on Jdg 5:19). Many see no specific geographic reference in the designation and take it to be a symbol of the final overthrow of evil by God. Others understand it to be the physical location of the final battle, the Jezreel valley which extends to the north and east of Megiddo. See photo.
16:17 temple. See 15:5–6. It is done! The last of the seven bowls of divine wrath has now been poured out, which is the last of the 21 plagues that form the backbone of the book.
17:1—22:5 The destruction of Babylon (17:1—18:2) and the coming of the new creation and the new Jerusalem in which Eden is restored (21:1—22:5)—together with visionary depictions of decisive redemptive events that culminate in the latter state (19:1—20:15).
17:3 in the Spirit. See 1:10; 4:2; 21:10 and notes. scarlet beast. The beast that rose out of the sea in ch. 13. The color scarlet is similar to that of the red dragon in 12:3 (cf. v. 4). blasphemous names. See note on 13:1. seven heads and ten horns. Again similar to the dragon and the beasts (12:3; 13:1,11), showing the empire’s alignment with the diabolical.
17:4 The prostitute appears like a queen, with great wealth, despite all her corruptions.
17:5 BABYLON THE GREAT. See note on 14:8.
17:6 God’s holy people . . . those who bore testimony. See 6:9. God’s holy people. See note on 5:8.
17:8 once was, now is not, and yet will come. An obvious imitation of the description of the Lamb (1:18; 2:8). Cf. the description of God in 1:4,8; 4:8. Here the phrase seems to mean that the beast appeared once, is not presently evident, but will in the future again make his presence known. Evil is persistent. Abyss. See note on 9:1. go to its destruction. Although evil is real and persistent, there is no uncertainty about its ultimate fate. book of life. See note on 3:5.
17:9 seven hills. It is perhaps significant that Rome began as a network of seven hill settlements on the east bank of the Tiber River (see map). Its designation as the city on seven hills is commonplace among Roman writers (e.g., Virgil, Martial, Cicero).
17:10 seven kings. That seven heads symbolize both seven hills and seven kings illustrates the fluidity of apocalyptic symbolism—unless the hills are figurative for royal (or political) power. Five . . . one . . . the other. Taken (1) as seven actual Roman emperors, (2) as seven secular empires or (3) symbolically as the power of the restored Roman Empire. Attempts to identify them with specific emperors of the first century have not led to any clear solutions to the puzzle of their identity. Perhaps the point is simply that the end is near but not quite yet.
17:11 now is not. Cf. 13:3. eighth king. The antichrist, who plays the role of a king (“belongs to the seven”) but is in reality part of the cosmic struggle between God and Satan.
17:12 ten kings. Since they are said to have not yet received royal power, they seem to belong to the future. They are likely symbolic and represent the totality of political powers that will align themselves with the beast. one hour. A short time.
18:3 wine of her adulteries. See note on 14:8.
18:6 double. In full, sufficiently (see note on Isa 40:2). her own cup. See 17:4.
18:7 I am not a widow. A claim that the men of Babylon have not died on battlefields.
18:9–20 Three groups lament: (1) kings (v. 9), (2) merchants (v. 11) and (3) seamen (v. 17). The passage is modeled after Ezekiel’s lament over Tyre (Eze 27). Of the 29 commodities in vv. 12–13 there are 15 also listed in Eze 27:12–22.
18:12 purple. An expensive dye since it must be extracted a drop at a time from the murex shellfish. citron wood. An expensive dark wood from north Africa—used for inlay work in costly furniture. marble. Used to decorate public buildings and the homes of the very rich.
18:13 myrrh and frankincense. Brought by the Magi as gifts for the infant Jesus (Mt 2:11). human beings sold as slaves. Or, more formally, “the bodies and souls of human beings.” The litany of luxuries in vv. 11–13 has turned to the basic necessities of life and finally to the horrors of slavery.
18:17 sea captain. The pilot of the ship rather than the owner. Both are mentioned in Ac 27:11.
18:19 throw dust on their heads. An act of sorrow and dismay (Eze 27:30). In one hour. See vv. 10,17.
18:20 God has judged her with the judgment she imposed on you. The scales of justice will be balanced (see note on Pr 26:27).
18:21 large millstone. Similar to the large millstone of Mk 9:42, which was a donkey millstone (one large enough to require a donkey to turn it).
18:24 blood of prophets. See 6:10; 17:6; 19:2; cf. Eze 24:7. prophets . . . God’s holy people. Probably not two distinct groups: The first may be a special class within the second (cf. the order in 16:6). God’s holy people. See note on Col 1:4.
19:1 great multitude. See note on 7:9. Hallelujah! Occurs four times in vv. 1–6 but nowhere else in the NT. It is derived from two Hebrew words meaning “Praise the LORD” (see NIV text note on Ps 135:1).
19:2 great prostitute. See 17:1,5,18; see also 14:8 and note. avenged on her the blood of his servants. See the prayer in 6:10; cf. 16:6; 18:20.
19:3 Hallelujah! Although this word of praise to the Lord occurs four times (vv. 1,3,4,6; see note on v. 1), the NIV sectional heading above ch. 19 (“Threefold Hallelujah”) is still correct because this one in v. 3 actually goes with the one in v. 1 (note “again” here) and is uttered by the same group (identified and introduced as a “great multitude”). The other two instances are introduced in vv. 4,6. Cf. the “Threefold Woe” in 18:10,16,19.
19:4 twenty-four elders and the four living creatures. See notes on 4:4,6.
19:7 wedding of the Lamb. The imagery of a wedding to express the intimate relationship between God and his people (“his bride”) has its roots in the prophetic literature of the OT (e.g., Isa 54:5–7; Hos 2:19). Cf. the NT usage (Mt 22:2–14; see 2Co 11:2 and note; Eph 5:25–27,32).
19:10 fell at his feet. See note on 1:17; cf. Ac 10:25. Spirit of prophecy. The Spirit inspires prophets to bear “testimony to Jesus” (cf. 22:6).
19:11 white horse. Probably not the white horse of 6:2 (see note there). The context here indicates that the rider is Christ returning as Warrior-Messiah-King.
19:12 name written. A secret name whose meaning is veiled from all created beings.
19:15 sharp sword. His word of judgment (see note on 1:16). iron scepter. See note on 2:27; cf. also Ps 2:9; Isa 11:4. treads the winepress of the . . . wrath of God. Cf. Isa 63:3 and note. winepress. See note on 14:19.
19:17 great supper of God. A grim contrast to the “wedding supper of the Lamb” (v. 9; cf. Eze 39:17–20).
19:20 beast . . . false prophet. See notes on 13:1,11. fiery lake of burning sulfur. See 20:10,14–15; 21:8. Punishment by fire is prominent in both biblical (see, e.g., note on La 1:13) and non-biblical (Jewish) writings (e.g., 1 Enoch 54:1). Although the designation gehenna is not used here, this is what John refers to (see note on Mt 5:22). Originally the site of a shrine where human sacrifices were offered (2Ki 16:3; 23:10; Jer 7:31), it came to be equated with the “hell” of final judgment in apocalyptic literature.
19:21 birds gorged themselves. The “great supper of God” of vv. 17–18.
20:3 free for a short time. See vv. 7–10.
20:4 souls of those who had been beheaded. Probably represents all of God’s people who have been martyred in the tribulation. See 6:9–11. its mark. See note on 13:16. came to life. The “first resurrection” (v. 5), which may include all God’s people who had previously died (see NIV text note).
20:5 rest of the dead. Either the wicked or everyone except the martyrs (v. 4).
20:6 Blessed. The fifth beatitude (see note on 1:3). second death. Defined in v. 14 as the “lake of fire” (cf. 21:8).
20:8 Gog and Magog. Symbolize the nations of the world as they band together for a final assault on God. The OT background is Eze 38–39.
20:13 death and Hades. See 6:8 and note.
21:1 no longer any sea. In ancient Near Eastern thought, the sea was a place of chaos and evil (see note on Ps 32:6). Here its absence represents divine victory and human safety.
21:3 God’s dwelling place. See Lev 26:11–12; Eze 37:27; 2Co 6:16; Eph 2:21–22. among . . . with . . . with. The most eloquent culmination of the Immanuel (“God with us”) theme (see 2Co 13:14 and note). his people . . . their God. The deepest expression of the intimate fellowship that God had promised to those in covenant relationship with him (see Zec 8:8 and note).
21:8 cowardly . . . liars. See note on Ro 1:29–31. “Cowardly” heads the list because it stands opposed to the faithfulness of those “who are victorious” (v. 7). magic arts. Cf. Ac 19:19. The magical tradition in ancient times called for the mixing of various herbs to ward off evil. fiery lake of burning sulfur. See note on 19:20.
21:12 twelve gates. See Eze 48:30–35. The number 12 probably emphasizes the continuity of the NT church and the OT people of God. See v. 14, where the 12 foundations bear the names of the 12 apostles; see also 4:4 and note.
21:15 measure the city. Cf. Eze 40–41. In Rev 11 the measuring was to ensure protection; here it serves to show the size and symmetry of the eternal dwelling place of the faithful.
21:16 length . . . wide . . . high. Thus a perfect cube, as was the Most Holy Place of the tabernacle and the temple.
21:17 144 cubits. See NIV text note.
21:19–20 See NIV text note on v. 20. The background for the precious stones may be Isa 54:11–12 (gems for the walls of Jerusalem) and Ex 28:17–20 (jewels for the high priest’s breastpiece). The new Jerusalem is the ultimate realization of what the OT temple and priesthood only pointed toward.
21:27 Lamb’s book of life. See note on 3:5.
22:1 river of the water of life. The description of the river here seems to combine elements taken from the description of Eden (Ge 2:8–14) and the river flowing from the new temple seen by Ezekiel (Eze 47:1–12), as well as certain new elements.
22:4 They will see his face. In ancient times criminals were banished from the presence of the king (Est 7:8; cf. 2Sa 14:24). One blessing of eternity will be to see the Lord face to face (cf. 1Co 13:12; 1Jn 3:2). his name. See note on 3:12.
22:6 his servants. See v. 3. things that must soon take place. See 1:1,19.
22:7 I am coming soon! See vv. 12,20; 2:16; 3:11. Blessed. The sixth beatitude (see note on 1:3).
22:8 fell down to worship. See note on 1:17.
22:9 Don’t do that! The episode (here and in 19:10) is no doubt included to remind the reader/listener that the worship of any created being—no matter how noble—is a form of idolatry, a vice sternly warned against (v. 15; 21:8; see notes on Ge 20:9; Ex 34:15).
22:11 “The time is near” (v. 10), so it is too late to change. The unrepentant must now face the consequences of their actions (v. 12).
22:13 the Alpha and the Omega. See note on 1:8.
22:14 Blessed. The last of the seven beatitudes (see note on 1:3). wash their robes. “In the blood of the Lamb” (7:14).
22:15 dogs . . . falsehood. See note on Ro 1:29–31. dogs. A term applied to all types of ceremonially impure persons. In Dt 23:18 it designates a male prostitute.
22:18–19 Cf. the commands in Dt 4:2; 12:32. The warning here relates specifically to the book of Revelation.