List of Abbreviations

Books of the Bible: Abbreviation First

Hebrew Bible

Torah

Gen	Genesis
Ex	Exodus
Lev	Leviticus
Num	Numbers
Deut	Deuteronomy

Nevi’im

Josh	Joshua
Judg	Judges
1 Sam	1 Samuel
2 Sam	2 Samuel
1 Kings	1 Kings
2 Kings	2 Kings
Isa	Isaiah
Jer	Jeremiah
Ezek	Ezekiel
Hos	Hosea
Joel	Joel
Am	Amos
Ob	Obadiah
Jon	Jonah
Mic	Micah
Nah	Nahum
Hab	Habakkuk
Zeph	Zephaniah
Hag	Haggai
Zech	Zechariah
Mal	Malachi

Kethuvim

Ps	Psalms
Prov	Proverbs
Job	Job
Song	Song of Solomon
Ruth	Ruth
Lam	Lamentations
Eccl	Ecclesiastes
Esth	Esther
Dan	Daniel
Ezra	Ezra
Neh	Nehemiah
1 Chr	1 Chronicles
2 Chr	2 Chronicles

The Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books

Tob	Tobit
Jdt	Judith
Add Esth	Esther (Greek)
Wis	The Wisdom of Solomon
Sir	Sirach
Bar	Baruch
Let Jer	The Letter of Jeremiah
Song of Thr	Azariah and the Three Jews
Sus	Susanna
Bel	Bel and the Dragon
1 Macc	1 Maccabees
2 Macc	2 Maccabees
1 Esd	1 Esdras
Pr Man	The Prayer of Manasseh
Ps 151	Psalm 151
3 Macc	3 Maccabees
2 Esd	2 Esdras
4 Macc	4 Maccabees

New Testament

Mt	Matthew
Mk	Mark
Lk	Luke
Jn	John
Acts	Acts of the Apostles
Rom	Romans
1 Cor	1 Corinthians
2 Cor	2 Corinthians
Gal	Galatians
Eph	Ephesians
Phil	Philippians
Col	Colossians
1 Thess	1 Thessalonians
2 Thess	2 Thessalonians
1 Tim	1 Timothy
2 Tim	2 Timothy
Titus	Titus
Philem	Philemon
Heb	Hebrews
Jas	James
1 Pet	1 Peter
2 Pet	2 Peter
1 Jn	1 John
2 Jn	2 John
3 Jn	3 John
Jude	Jude
Rev	Revelation

In the translators’ notes to the books of the Bible, the following abbreviations are used:

Ant.	Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Aram	Aramaic
Ch, chs	Chapter, chapters
Cn	Correction; made where the text has suffered in transmission and the versions provide no satisfactory restoration but where the Standard Bible Committee agrees with the judgment of competent scholars as to the most probable reconstruction of the original text.
Gk	Septuagint, Greek version of the Old Testament [also used in the New Testament, where it means simply Greek]
Heb	Hebrew of the consonantal Masoretic Text of the Old Testament
Josephus	Flavius Josephus (Jewish historian, about ce 37 to about 95)
Macc.	The book(s) of the Maccabees
Ms(s)	Manuscript(s)
MT	The Hebrew of the pointed Masoretic Text of the Old Testament
OL	Old Latin
Q Ms(s)	Manuscript(s) found at Qumran by the Dead Sea
Sam	Samaritan Hebrew text of the Old Testament
Syr	Syriac Version of the Old Testament
Syr H	Syriac Version of Origen’s Hexapla
Tg	Targum
Vg	Vulgate, Latin Version of the Old Testament

The following general abbreviations and abbreviations of additional ancient works are used in the introductions, annotations to the biblical books, in-text essays, and in the general essays at the end of the volume:

1Q26	Wisdom apocryphon (4Q Sapiential Work A)
1Q27	Mysteries
1QapGen	Genesis Apocryphon
1QH^a	Hodayot^a or Thanksgiving Hymns^a (1QH^a)
1QIsa^a	Isaiah^a
1QIsa^b	Isaiah^b
1QM	Milḥamah or War Scroll
1QpHab	Pesher Habakkuk
1QpNahum	Pesher Nahum
1QS	Serek Hayahad or Rule of the Community
1QSa	Rule of the Congregation (1Q28a)
1QSb	Rule of the Blessings (1Q28b)
4Q159	Ordinances^a
4Q161	Pesher Isaiah^a
4Q163	Pesher Isaiah^c
4Q171	Pesher Psalms^a
4Q174	Flor (4QMidrEschat^a) Florilegium
4Q186	Horoscope
4Q246	Aramaic Apocalypse (Apocryphon of Daniel) (4QapocrDan ar)
4Q252	Commentary on Genesis A (CommGen A)
4Q265	Serek Damascus (4QSD) (Miscellaneous Rules)
4Q270	D^e (Rules Concerning Gleaning and Agricultural Priestly Dues)
4Q271	D^f (Rules Concerning Gleaning and Agricultural Priestly Dues)
4Q285	War Rule (Serekh Hamilḥamah)
4Q286	Berakhot^a
4Q372	Apocryphon of Joseph^b
4Q415–418	Sapiential Work A (Instruction)
4Q423	Sapiential Work A^e (Instruction^g)
4Q434	Barki Nafshi^a (‘Bless, my soul’)
4Q460	Pseudepigraphic work (Narr. Work and Prayer)
4Q491	War Scroll^a
4Q496	War Scroll^f
4Q502	Ritual of Marriage (papRitMar)
4Q504	Words of the Luminaries^a (DibHam^a)
4Q510	Shirot^a or Songs of the Sage^a
4Q511	Shir^b (Songs of the Sage^b)
4Q521	Messianic Apocalypse
4Q525	Wisdom Text with Beatitudes
4QCatena^a	Catena^a also Midrash on Eschatology^b (4Q177)
4QFlor	Florilegium, also Midrash on Eschatology^a (4Q174)
4QMMT	Miqshat Maʿase ha-Torah (“matters of the Torah”) (4Q394)
4QpIsa^a	4Q161 (Pesher Isaiah^a) (4Q161)
4QpNahum	4Q169 (Pesher Nahum) (4Q169)
4QPrNab ar	Prayer of Nabonidus (4Q242)
4QSam^a	4Q51 (Samuel^a)
4QShirShabb^a	Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice^a (4Q400)
11Q11	Apocryphal Psalms^a (apPs^a)
11QMelch	Melchizedek scroll (11Q13)
11QPs^a	Psalms Scroll^a from Qumran Cave 11 (11Q5)
11QSTemple	Temple Scroll^a (11Q19); Temple Scroll^b (11Q20)

Note: The abbreviation “Q,” unless specified as “Quelle” (“Source”) for the posited document of non-Markan material common to Matthew and Luke, refers to Qumran, and manuscripts from Qumran are identified by the cave number, which precedes the Q, and the official manuscript number, which follows it; thus, 1Q34 = Manuscript 34 from Cave 1 at Qumran; 4Q174 = Manuscript 174 from Cave 4; etc.

1 Clem	1 Clement (First Epistle of Clement)
1 En.	1 Enoch
2 Bar.	2 Baruch
2 En.	2 Enoch
3 Bar.	3 Baruch
3 En.	3 Enoch
Acts Pet.	Acts of Peter
Acts Pil.	Acts of Pilate
Ant.	Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
Apoc. Abr.	Apocalypse of Abraham
Apoc. El.	Apocalypse of Elijah
Apoc. Mos.	Apocalypse of Moses
Apoc. Pet.	Apocalypse of Peter
Apoc. Sedr.	Apocalypse of Sedrach
Apoc. Zeph.	Apocalypse of Zephaniah
Arak.	Talmudic Tractate Arakhin (“vows of valuation”)
Aram	Aramaic (language)
Aram. Apoc.	Aramaic Apocalypse
Aratus, Phaen.	Aratus, Phaenomena
Aristophanes, Thesm.	Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae
Aristotle, Eth. nic.	Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle, Pol.	Aristotle, Politics
Ascen. Isa.	Ascension of Isaiah
Augustine, Doctr. chr.	Augustine, On Christian Doctrine
Augustine, Op. mon.	Augustine, The Work of Monks
Avod. Zar.	Talmudic Tractate Avodah Zarah (“idolatry”)
Avot de R. Natan	Avot of Rabbi Nathan
B. Bat.	Talmudic Tractate Bava Bathra (“last gate”)
B. Kamma	Talmudic Tractate Bava Kamma (“first gate”)
B. Metz.	Talmudic Tractate Bava Metzia (“second gate”)
b.	Babylonian Talmud (Bavli)
Barn.	Epistle of Barnabas
BCE	Before the Common Era (= bc, “Before Christ”)
Bek.	Talmudic Tractate Bekhorot (“firstlings”)
Ber.	Talmudic Tractate Berakot (“blessings”)
Bik.	Talmudic Tractate Bikkurim (“first-fruits”)
BS	Beit She’arim. Vol II: The Greek Inscriptions
ca.	circa, about, approximately
Catullus, Carm.	Catullus, Carmina
CD	Cairo Genizah copy of the Damascus Document
ce	Common Era (= ad, “Anno Domini,” “Year of [Our] Lord”)
cf.	confer, compare
ch, chs	chapter, chapters
Cicero, Cael.	Cicero, Pro Caelio
Cicero, Cat.	Cicero, In Catalinam
Cicero, Clu.	Cicero, Pro Cluentio
Cicero, De or.	Cicero, De oratore
Cicero, Flac.	Cicero, Pro Flacco
Cicero, Nat. d.	Cicero, De natura deorum
Cicero, Off.	Cicero, De officiis
Cicero, Philipp.	Cicero, Orationes philippicae
Cicero, Somn. Scip.	Cicero, Dream of Scipio (Somnium Scipionis)
Cicero, Verr.	Cicero, In Verrem
CIJ	Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum
CIL	Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
Claud., Epithal.	Claudian, Epithalamium de Nuptiis Honorii Augusti
Claud., Fesc.	Claudian, Fescennina
Clement, Paed.	Clement of Alexandria, Paedogogus
Clement, Strom.	Clement of Alexandria, Stromata
Cod. Just.	Codex Justinian
col., cols.	column, columns
d.	died
Did.	Didache
Dio Chrys., Or.	Dio Chrysostom, Orationes
Diod. Sic.	Diodorus of Sicily (Library of History)
Dionysius, Ant. rom.	Dionysius, Roman Antiquities
DSS	Dead Sea Scrolls
e.g.	exempli gratia, for example
Ed.	Talmudic Tractate Eduyot (“testimonies”)
Ep. Arist.	Letter of Aristeas
Ep. Barn.	Letter of Barnabas
Epictetus, Diatr.	Epictetus, Diatribes
Epictetus, Disc.	Epictetus, Discourses
Eruv.	Talmudic Tractate Eruvin (“Sabbath limits”)
Euripides, Bacch.	Euripides, Bacchae
Eusebius, Hist. eccl.	Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History
f., ff.	and following
fl.	floruit, flourished
frag.	fragment
Git.	Talmudic Tractate Gittin (“bills of divorce”)
Gk	Greek (language)
Gk. Apoc. Ezra	Greek Apocalypse of Ezra
GLAJJ	Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism, ed. M. Stern
Gos. Nic.	Gospel of Nicodemus
Gos. Pet.	Gospel of Peter
Gos. Thom.	Gospel of Thomas
Hag.	Talmudic Tractate Ḥagigah (“festal offering”)
HB	Hebrew Bible
Heb	Hebrew (language)
Herm. Vis.	Shepherd of Hermas, Vision
Homer, Od.	Homer, Odyssey
Hor.	Talmudic Tractate Horayot (“instructions”)
Horace, Sat.	Horace, Satires
Hul.	Talmudic Tractate Hullin (“animals killed for food”)
i.e.	id est, that is
Iambl., Myst.	Iamblichus, De Mysteriis
ibid.	ibidem, in the same place
Ignatius, Eph.	Ignatius, Letter to the Ephesians
Ignatius, Magn.	Ignatius, Letter to the Magnesians
Ignatius, Philad.	Ignatius, Letter to the Philadelphians
Ignatius, Pol.	Ignatius, Letter to Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna
Ignatius, Smyrn.	Ignatius, To the Smyrnaeans
Irenaeus, Adv. Haer.	Irenaeus, Against Heresies
J. Chrys., Hom. 2 Thess.	John Chrysostom, Homiliae in epistulam ii ad Thessalonicenses
J. Chrys., Hom. Matt.	John Chrysostom, Homiliae in Matthaeum
Jos. Asen.	Joseph and Aseneth
Josephus, Ag. Ap.	Josephus, Against Apion
Josephus, J.W.	Josephus, Jewish War
Josephus, Life	Josephus, Life (autobiography)
Jub.	Jubilees
Justin, Dial.	Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho
Justin, Apol.	Justin Martyr, First Apology
Juvenal, Sat.	Juvenal, Satires
Ker.	Talmudic Tractate Kerithot (“extirpations”)
Ketub.	Talmudic Tractate Ketubbot (“marriage deeds”)
Kil.	Talmudic Tractate Kilaim (“diverse kinds”)
KJV	King James Version (1611)
L.A.B.	Pseudo-Philo (Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum)
L.A.E.	Life of Adam and Eve
Lat	Latin (language)
lit.	literally
Livy, Hist.	Livy, History of Rome
LXX	Septuagint
m.	Tractates of the Mishnah
Ma‘as. S.	Talmudic Tractate Ma‘aser Sheni (“second tithe”)
Ma‘as.	Talmudic Tractate Ma‘aserot (“tithes”)
Makk.	Talmudic Tractate Makkot (“stripes”)
Maks.	Talmudic Tractate Makshirin (“predisposers”)
Mart. Isa.	Martyrdom of Isaiah
Mart. Pol.	Martyrdom of Polycarp
Me‘il.	Talmudic Tractate Me‘ilah (“sacrilege”)
Meg. Ta’an.	Megillat Ta’anit (list of holy days)
Meg.	Talmudic Tractate Megillah (“scroll” [of Esther])
Mek.	Mekhilta (midrashic commentary on Exodus)
Men.	Talmudic Tractate Menahot (“meal offerings”)
Midd.	Talmudic Tractate Middot (“measurements”)
Midr.	Midrash
Midr. Min.	Midrash Minayin (“whence,” i.e., “where [in Scripture]”)
Midr. Mishle	Midrash Mishle (Proverbs)
Midr. Ps.	Midrash Tehillim (Psalms)
Midr. Tann.	Midrash Tannaim
Mo’ed Qat.	Talmudic Tractate Mo’ed Qatan (“mid-festival days”)
ms, mss	manuscript, manuscripts
MT	Masoretic Text
n., nn.	annotation, annotations
Naz.	Talmudic Tractate Nazir (“Nazirites”)
Ned.	Talmudic Tractate Nedarim (“vows”)
Nidd.	Talmudic Tractate Niddah (“the menstruant”)
NIV	New International Version
NJPS	New Jewish Publication Society (Tanakh translation)
NRSV	New Revised Standard Version
NT	New Testament
Odes Sol.	Odes of Solomon
Orat.	Gregory of Nazianzus, Oratio in laudem Basilii
Origen, Cels.	Origen, Against Celsus
Origen, Comm. Matt.	Origen, Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew
Origen, Comm. Rom.	Origen, Commentary on Romans
Origen, Hom. Ps.	Origen, Homilies on Psalms
Ovid, Ars	Ovid, Ars amatoria (The Art of Love)
Ovid, Metam.	Ovid, Metamorphoses
p., pp.	page, pages
Pan.	Epiphanius, Panarion (Adversus haereses)
para.	paragraph
Pausanias, Descr.	Pausanias, Description of Greece
Pesah.	Talmudic Tractate Pesaḥim (“Passover”)
Pesiq. Rab.	Pesikta Rabbati
Pesiq. Rav Kah.	Pesikta de-Rav Kahana
Philo, Abr.	Philo, On the Life of Abraham
Philo, Cher.	Philo, On the Cherubim
Philo, Confusion	Philo, On the Confusion of Tongues
Philo, Cont. Life	Philo, On the Contemplative Life
Philo, Decalogue	Philo, On the Decalogue
Philo, Dreams	Philo, On Dreams 1, 2
Philo, Drunkenness	Philo, On Drunkenness
Philo, Flaccus	Philo, Against Flaccus
Philo, Giants	Philo, On Giants
Philo, Good Person	Philo, That Every Good Person Is Free
Philo, Heir	Philo, Who Is the Heir of Divine Things?
Philo, Hypoth.	Philo, Hypothetica
Philo, Joseph	Philo, On the Life of Joseph
Philo, Leg. all.	Philo, Allegorical Interpretation
Philo, Leg. Gai.	Philo, On the Embassy to Gaius
Philo, Life of Moses	Philo, On the Life of Moses 1, 2
Philo, Migr.	Philo, On the Migration of Abraham
Philo, Names	Philo, On the Change of Names
Philo, On the Creation	Philo, On the Creation of the World
Philo, Planting	Philo, On Planting
Philo, Posterity	Philo, Posterity and Exile of Cain
Philo, Prelim. Studies	Philo, On the Preliminary Studies
Philo, QE	Philo, Questions and Answers on Exodus 1, 2
Philo, QG	Philo, Questions and Answers on Genesis
Philo, Rewards	Philo, On Rewards and Punishments
Philo, Sacr.	Philo, On the Sacrifices of Cain and Abel
Philo, Spec. Laws	Philo, On the Special Laws
Philo, Virtues	Philo, On the Virtues
Philo, Worse	Philo, That the Worse Attacks the Better
Pirqe R. El.	Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer
Plato, Apol.	Plato, Apology of Socrates
Plato, Leg.	Plato, Laws
Plato, Resp.	Plato, Republic
Plato, Tim.	Plato, Timaeus
Pliny, Nat. Hist.	Pliny the Elder, Natural History
Plutarch, Alc.	Plutarch, Alcibiades
Plutarch, Cic.	Plutarch, Life of Cicero
Plutarch, Is. Os.	Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris
Plutarch, Mor.	Plutarch, Moralia
Plutarch, Pyth. orac.	Plutarch, On the Pythian Responses
Plutarch, Quaest. conv.	Plutarch, Quaestionum convivialum (Table Talk) libri IX
Plutarch, Quaest. rom.	Plutarch, Quaestiones romanae (Roman Questions)
Plutarch, Superst.	Plutarch, On Superstition
Poll., Onom.	Pollux, Onomasticon
Polycarp, Phil.	Polycarp, Letter to the Philippians
Pr. Azar.	Prayer of Azariah
Pr. Jos.	Prayer of Joseph
Pseudo-Phocylides, Sent.	Pseudo-Phocylides, Sentences
Pss. Sol.	Psalms of Solomon
Qidd.	Talmudic Tractate Qiddushin (“betrothals”)
Quintilian, Inst.	Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria
r.	reigned
R.	Rabbi
Rab.	Rabbah (midrashic commentary on scripture)
RSV	Revised Standard Version
S. Eli. Rab.	Seder Eliyahu Rabbah
Sanh.	Talmudic Tractate Sanhedrin (“the Sanhedrin”)
Seb.	Talmudic Tractate Shebiit (“seventh year”)
Sebu.	Talmudic Tractate Shebuot (“oaths”)
Seder Olam Rab.	Seder Olam Rabbah
Sem.	Semahot (“mourning”)
Seneca, Ep.	Seneca, Epistulae morales (Moral Letters)
Sheqal.	Talmudic Tractate Shekalim (“shekel tax”)
Shabb.	Talmudic Tractate Shabbat (“Sabbath”)
Shir. Rab.	Shir ha-Shirim Rabbah (Midrash Hazita) (Song of Songs)
Sib. Or.	Sibylline Oracles
sing.	singular
Sot.	Talmudic Tractate Sotah (“adulteress”)
Strabo, Geogr.	Strabo, Geography
Suetonius, Aug.	Suetonius, Life of Augustus Caesar
Suetonius, Claud.	Suetonius, Life of Claudius
Suetonius, Vesp.	Suetonius, Life of Vespasian
Sukk.	Talmudic Tractate Sukkah (“Tabernacles/Booths”)
t.	Tosefta
T.	Testament
T. 12 Patr.	Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
T. Abr.	Testament of Abraham
T. Ash.	Testament of Asher
T. Benj.	Testament of Benjamin
T. Dan	Testament of Dan
T. Gad	Testament of Gad
T. Iss.	Testament of Issachar
T. Job	Testament of Job
T. Jos.	Testament of Joseph
T. Jud.	Testament of Judah
T. Levi	Testament of Levi
T. Levi^ar	Aramaic Testament of Levi
T. Moses	Testament of Moses
T. Naph.	Testament of Naphtali
T. Reuben	Testament of Reuben
T. Sim.	Testament of Simeon
T. Sol.	Testament of Solomon
t. Yom Tob	Talmud Yom Tob (“festival days”) or Betzah (“egg”)
T. Zeb.	Testament of Zebulun
Ta’an.	Talmudic Tractate Ta’anit (“fasts”)
Tacitus, Ann.	Tacitus, Annales
Tacitus, Germ.	Tacitus, Germania
Tacitus, Hist.	Tacitus, Histories
Tanh.	Tanhuma
Tanh. Vay.	Tanhuma Vayetzei
Tehar.	Talmudic Tractate Teharot (“cleannesses”)
Tem.	Talmudic Tractate Temurah (“substituted offering”)
Ter.	Talmudic Tractate Terumot (“heave offerings”)
Tertullian, Apol.	Tertullian, Apology
Tertullian, Bapt.	Tertullian, Baptism
Tertullian, Carn. Chr.	Tertullian, The Flesh of Christ
Tertullian, Exh. cast.	Tertullian, Exhortation to Chastity
Tertullian, Marc.	Tertullian, Against Marcion
Tertullian, Praescr.	Tertullian, Prescription Against Heretics
Tertullian, Prax.	Tertullian, Against Praxeas
Tertullian, Pud.	Tertullian, Modesty
Tertullian, Scorp.	Tertullian, Antidote for the Scorpion’s Sting
Tertullian, Spect.	Tertullian, The Shows
Tg.	Targum (Aramaic translations of the Bible)
Tg. Cant.	Targum to Canticles
Tg. Neb.	Targum Nebiʾim/Targum of the Prophets/Targum Jonathan
Tg. Neof.	Targum Neofiti
Tg. Onq.	Targum Onqelos
Tg. Ps-.J.	Targum Pseudo-Jonathan
Thucydides, Hist.	Thucydides, History
v., vv.	verse, verses
Vit. Phil.	Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers
vs.	versus
Xenophon, Mem.	Xenophon, Memorabilia
y.	Tractates of the Yerushalmi, Jerusalem (Palestinian) Talmud
Yad.	Talmudic Tractate Yadaim (“hands”)
Yebam.	Talmudic Tractate Yevamot (“sisters-in-law”)
Zeb.	Talmudic Tractate Zebahim (“animal offerings”)
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§	section

Note: In chapter/verse references, or following a verse number, the letter “a” means the first section of the verse, “b” means the second section, and so on.