Contents

The Editors’ Preface to the First Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Alphabetical Listing of the Books of the New Testament

List of Abbreviations

The New Testament

Gospels and Acts	Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi Brettler
The Gospel According to Matthew	Introduction and Annotations by Aaron M. Gale
The Gospel According to Mark	Introduction and Annotations by Lawrence M. Wills
The Gospel According to Luke	Introduction and Annotations by Amy-Jill Levine
The Gospel According to John	Introduction and Annotations by Adele Reinhartz
The Acts of the Apostles	Introduction and Annotations by Gary Gilbert
Epistles and Revelation	Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi Brettler
The Letter of Paul to the Romans	Introduction and Annotations by Mark D. Nanos
The First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians	Introduction and Annotations by Shira L. Lander
The Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians	Introduction and Annotations by Alan J. Avery-Peck
The Letter of Paul to the Galatians	Introduction and Annotations by Shaye J. D. Cohen
The Letter of Paul to the Ephesians	Introduction and Annotations by David Kraemer
The Letter of Paul to the Philippians	Introduction and Annotations by Michael Cook
The Letter of Paul to the Colossians	Introduction and Annotations by Peter Zaas
The First Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians	Introduction and Annotations by David Fox Sandmel
The Second Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians	Introduction and Annotations by Adam Gregerman
The First Letter of Paul to Timothy	Introduction and Annotations by Naomi Koltun-Fromm
The Second Letter of Paul to Timothy	Introduction and Annotations by Alejandro F. Botta
The Letter of Paul to Titus	Introduction and Annotations by Jennifer L. Koosed
The Letter of Paul to Philemon	Introduction and Annotations by Barbara Geller
The Letter to the Hebrews	Introduction and Annotations by Pamela Eisenbaum
The Letter of James	Introduction and Annotations by Herbert Basser
The First Letter of Peter	Introduction and Annotations by Marcie Lenk
The Second Letter of Peter	Introduction and Annotations by Gila Vachman
The First Letter of John	Introduction and Annotations by Michele Murray
The Second Letter of John	Introduction and Annotations by Julie Galambush
The Third Letter of John	Introduction and Annotations by Jonathan Brumberg-Kraus
The Letter of Jude	Introduction and Annotations by Andrew S. Jacobs
The Revelation to John	Introduction and Annotations by David Frankfurter

In-Text Essays

The Beatitudes and Antitheses

The Extent of the Mission

Tax Collectors and Pharisees

Jesus Dying as a Ransom

Scripture Fulfillments

Jesus’ “Cry of Dereliction”

Jesus’ Synagogue Sermon

Pharisees in Luke

Parable of the Good Samaritan

Parable of the Prodigal Son

Parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector

Cleansing of the Temple

Jesus and the Jewish Festivals

“Born Again”

Children of the Devil

Aposynagōgos

“I Am the Way, and the Truth, and the Life”

Advocate (Paraclete)

Jews and the Death of Jesus

Stephen’s Speech

Paul and the Jews

Circumcision and “Works of Law”

Circumcision of the Heart

God Is One for All Humanity

The Enigmatic “I”

Christ Is the Goal of Torah

Grafting the Olive Branch

Protection of Israel

Food That Is “Profane”

Paul and the Trinity

Freedom from the Law

Spiritual Gifts

Jewish Views of Love

Moses’ Radiant Face

Reading of the Old Covenant

Synagogue Discipline

Neither Jew nor Greek

The ‘Wall of Hostility’, ‘Abolishing the Law’, and ‘One New Humanity’

The Household Code

“Beware of the Dogs”

Colossians and Ephesians: Parallels

Colossians and Torah Observance

There Is No Greek Nor Jew

Diatribe against the Jews

The Man of Lawlessness and the Restrainer

Slavery in the Roman Empire

Perfection through Suffering

The High Priest in Jewish Tradition

Heroes of the Faith

Isaiah’s Suffering Servant

Suffering under Persecution

Balaam in Jewish and Christian Tradition

Destruction by Fire

Enoch Literature in Second Temple Judaism

Oral and Written Prophecy

Christ as Visual Appearance of God

The Letters to the Seven Congregations

So-Called Jews and Their Synagogues of Satan

John, a New Ezekiel

The Numerology of Revelation

The Heavenly Temple Cult

Names Inscribed on the Body

Women and the Symbolism of Pollution

A Holy City Without a Holy Temple

Maps

The geography of the Gospel of Matthew

The geography of the Gospel of Mark

The geography of the Gospel of Luke

The geography of the Gospel of John

The native lands of Pentecost pilgrims

Sites of early Christian missionary activities

First missionary journey of Paul

Second missionary journey of Paul

Third missionary journey of Paul

Paul’s journey to Rome

Places mentioned in Galatians 1–2

The seven churches

The Essays

Introduction to the Essays

Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi Brettler

History

The Greco-Roman Background of the New Testament

Erich S. Gruen

Jewish History, 331 BCE–135 CE

Martin Goodman

Revolts against Rome

Eric M. Orlin

Society

Judaism and Jewishness

Shaye J. D. Cohen

Joshua D. Garroway

Archaeology of the Land of Israel at the Time of Jesus

David Goodblatt

Jewish Family Life in the First Century CE

Ross S. Kraemer

Marriage and Divorce

Michael L. Satlow

Movements

Jewish Movements of the New Testament Period

Daniel R. Schwartz

Lawrence H. Schiffman

Messianic Movements

David B. Levenson

The Historical Jesus

Sarah J. Tanzer

Paul and Judaism

Paula Fredriksen

Judaizers, Jewish Christians, and Others

Charlotte Elisheva Fonrobert

Jews and Gentiles

Jewish Views of Gentiles

Meir Ben Shahar

The Concept of Neighbor in Jewish and Christian Ethics

Michael Fagenblat

Food and Table Fellowship

David M. Freidenreich

Birkat ha-Minim: A Jewish Curse of Christians?

Religious Practice

Jonathan Klawans

Sacrifice and the Temple

Naphtali Meshel

Lee I. Levine

Avigdor Shinan

Time, Calendars, and Festivals

Lawrence Hoffman

Baptism and Eucharist

Isaac W. Oliver

The Burial of Jesus: Between Texts and Archaeology

Religious Belief

Jewish Miracle Workers and Magic in the Late Second Temple Period

Geza Vermes & Gideon Bohak

Supernatural Beings

Rebecca Lesses

Logos, A Jewish Word: John’s Prologue as Midrash

Daniel Boyarin

Afterlife and Resurrection

Martha Himmelfarb

Literature

The Canon of the New Testament

Michael R. Greenwald

The Language of the New Testament and the Translation of the Bible

Naomi Seidman

Leonard Greenspoon

Midrash and Parables

The Dead Sea Scrolls

Menahem Kister

Philo of Alexandria

The New Testament between the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and Rabbinic Literature

Marc Zvi Brettler

A Jewish Reflection on Christian Claims

Jacob Neusner

Scripture Fulfillment

Ruth Sheridan

Responses to the New Testament

Jewish Responses to Believers in Jesus

Claudia Setzer

Jesus in Rabbinic Tradition

Burton L. Visotzky

Jesus in Medieval Jewish Tradition

Martin Lockshin

Jesus in Modern Jewish Thought

Susannah Heschel

Paul in Jewish Thought

Daniel R. Langton

Mary in Jewish Tradition

Daniel J. Lasker

Jesus and the New Testament in Modern Yiddish and Hebrew Culture

Matthew Hoffman

The New Testament in the Jewish Arts

Marc Michael Epstein

Randi Rashkover

Messianic Judaism

Bearing False Witness: Common Errors Made about Early Judaism

Amy-Jill Levine

The New Testament and Jewish-Christian Relations

Tables, Glossary, Index

Chronological Table of Rulers

Some Tannaitic Rabbis

Some Amoraic Rabbis

Weights and Measures

Chapter/Verse Differences

Canons of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament with Additions

Translations of Ancient Texts

Divisions and Tractates of the Mishnah, Talmud, and Tosefta