Jeremiah 1
1The words of Jeremiah son of Hilkiah, one of the priests at Anathotha in the territory of Benjamin. 2The word of the LORD cameb to him in the thirteenth year of the reign of Josiahc son of Amon king of Judah, 3and through the reign of Jehoiakimd son of Josiah king of Judah, down to the fifth month of the eleventh year of Zedekiahe son of Josiah king of Judah, when the people of Jerusalem went into exile.f
The Call of Jeremiah
4The word of the LORD came to me, saying,
5“Before I formed you in the wombg I knew,h you,
before you were borni I set you apart;j
I appointed you as a prophet to the nations.k”
6“Alas, Sovereign LORD,” I said, “I do not know how to speak;l I am too young.”m
7But the LORD said to me, “Do not say, ‘I am too young.’ You must go to everyone I send you to and say whatever I command you. 8Do not be afraidn of them, for I am with youo and will rescuep you,” declares the LORD.q
9Then the LORD reached out his hand and touchedr my mouth and said to me, “I have put my words in your mouth.s 10See, today I appoint you over nationst and kingdoms to uprootu and tear down, to destroy and overthrow, to build and to plant.”v
11The word of the LORD came to me: “What do you see, Jeremiah?”w
“I see the branch of an almond tree,” I replied.
12The LORD said to me, “You have seen correctly, for I am watching,x to see that my word is fulfilled.”
13The word of the LORD came to me again: “What do you see?”y
“I see a pot that is boiling,” I answered. “It is tilting toward us from the north.”
14The LORD said to me, “From the northz disaster will be poured out on all who live in the land. 15I am about to summon all the peoples of the northern kingdoms,” declares the LORD.
“Their kings will come and set up their thrones
in the entrance of the gates of Jerusalem;
they will come against all her surrounding walls
and against all the towns of Judah.a Photo
16I will pronounce my judgmentsb on my people
because of their wickednessc in forsaking me,d
in burning incense to other godse
and in worshipingf what their hands have made.g
17“Get yourself ready! Stand up and sayh to them whatever I command you. Do not be terrifiedi by them, or I will terrify you before them. 18Today I have made youj a fortified city, an iron pillar and a bronze wall to stand against the whole land—against the kings of Judah, its officials, its priests and the people of the land. 19They will fight against you but will not overcomek you, for I am with youl and will rescuem you,” declares the LORD.
Jeremiah 2
Israel Forsakes God
1The worda of the LORD came to me: 2“Go and proclaim in the hearing of Jerusalem:
“This is what the LORD says:
“ ‘I remember the devotion of your youth,b
how as a bride you loved me
and followed me through the wilderness,c
through a land not sown.
3Israel was holyd to the LORD,e
the firstfruitsf of his harvest;
all who devouredg her were held guilty,h
and disaster overtook them,’ ”
declares the LORD.
4Hear the word of the LORD, you descendants of Jacob,
all you clans of Israel.
5This is what the LORD says:
“What fault did your ancestors find in me,
that they strayed so far from me?
They followed worthless idolsi
and became worthlessj themselves.
6They did not ask, ‘Where is the LORD,
who brought us up out of Egyptk
and led us through the barren wilderness,
through a land of desertsl and ravines,m
a land of drought and utter darkness,
a land where no one travelsn and no one lives?’
7I brought you into a fertile land
to eat its fruit and rich produce.o
But you came and defiled my land
and made my inheritance detestable.p
8The priests did not ask,
‘Where is the LORD?’
Those who deal with the law did not know me;q
the leadersr rebelled against me.
The prophets prophesied by Baal,s
following worthless idols.t
9“Therefore I bring chargesu against you again,”
declares the LORD.
“And I will bring charges against your children’s children.
10Cross over to the coasts of Cyprusv and look,
send to Kedar,w and observe closely;
see if there has ever been anything like this:
11Has a nation ever changed its gods?
(Yet they are not godsx at all.)
But my people have exchanged their gloriousy God
for worthless idols.
12Be appalled at this, you heavens,
and shudder with great horror,”
declares the LORD.
13“My people have committed two sins:
They have forsakenz me,
the spring of living water,a
and have dug their own cisterns,
broken cisterns that cannot hold water.
14Is Israel a servant, a slaveb by birth?
Why then has he become plunder?
15Lionsc have roared;
they have growled at him.
They have laid wasted his land;
his towns are burnede and deserted.f
16Also, the men of Memphisg and Tahpanhesh
have cracked your skull.
17Have you not brought this on yourselvesi
by forsakingj the LORD your God
when he led you in the way?
18Now why go to Egyptk
to drink water from the Nile?l
And why go to Assyriam
to drink water from the Euphrates?n
19Your wickedness will punish you;
your backslidingo will rebukep you.
Consider then and realize
how evil and bitterq it is for you
when you forsaker the LORD your God
and have no awes of me,”
declares the Lord, the LORD Almighty.
20“Long ago you broke off your yoket
and tore off your bonds;u
you said, ‘I will not serve you!’v
Indeed, on every high hillw
and under every spreading treex
you lay down as a prostitute.y
21I had plantedz you like a choice vinea
of sound and reliable stock.
How then did you turn against me
into a corrupt,b wild vine?
22Although you washc yourself with soapd
and use an abundance of cleansing powder,
the stain of your guilt is still before me,”
declares the Sovereign LORD.e
23“How can you say, ‘I am not defiled;f
I have not run after the Baals’?g
See how you behaved in the valley;h
consider what you have done.
You are a swift she-camel
runningi here and there,
24a wild donkeyj accustomed to the desert,k
sniffing the wind in her craving—
in her heat who can restrain her?
Any males that pursue her need not tire themselves;
at mating time they will find her.
25Do not run until your feet are bare
and your throat is dry.
But you said, ‘It’s no use!l
I love foreign gods,m
and I must go after them.’n
26“As a thief is disgracedo when he is caught,
so the people of Israel are disgraced—
they, their kings and their officials,
their priestsp and their prophets.q
27They say to wood,r ‘You are my father,’
and to stone,s ‘You gave me birth.’
They have turned their backst to me
and not their faces;u
yet when they are in trouble,v they say,
‘Come and savew us!’
28Where then are the godsx you made for yourselves?
Let them come if they can save you
when you are in trouble!y
For you, Judah, have as many gods
as you have towns.z
29“Why do you bring charges against me?
You have alla rebelled against me,”
declares the LORD.
30“In vain I punished your people;
they did not respond to correction.b
Your sword has devoured your prophetsc
like a ravenous lion.
31“You of this generation, consider the word of the LORD:
“Have I been a desert to Israel
or a land of great darkness?d
Why do my people say, ‘We are free to roam;
we will come to you no more’?e
32Does a young woman forget her jewelry,
a bride her wedding ornaments?
Yet my people have forgottenf me,
days without number.
33How skilled you are at pursuingg love!
Even the worst of women can learn from your ways.
34On your clothes is found
the lifebloodh of the innocent poor,
though you did not catch them breaking in.i
Yet in spite of all this
35you say, ‘I am innocent;j
he is not angry with me.’
But I will pass judgmentk on you
because you say, ‘I have not sinned.’l
36Why do you go about so much,
changingm your ways?
You will be disappointed by Egyptn
as you were by Assyria.
37You will also leave that place
with your hands on your head,o
for the LORD has rejected those you trust;
you will not be helpedp by them.
Jeremiah 3
1“If a man divorcesa his wife
and she leaves him and marries another man,
should he return to her again?
Would not the land be completely defiled?b
But you have lived as a prostitute with many loversc—
would you now return to me?”d
declares the LORD.
2“Look up to the barren heightse and see.
Is there any place where you have not been ravished?
By the roadsidef you sat waiting for lovers,
sat like a nomad in the desert.
You have defiled the landg
with your prostitutionh and wickedness.
3Therefore the showers have been withheld,i
and no spring rainsj have fallen.
Yet you have the brazenk look of a prostitute;
you refuse to blush with shame.l
4Have you not just called to me:
‘My Father,m my friend from my youth,n
5will you always be angry?o
Will your wrath continue forever?’
This is how you talk,
but you do all the evil you can.”
Unfaithful Israel
6During the reign of King Josiah,p the LORD said to me, “Have you seen what faithlessq Israel has done? She has gone up on every high hill and under every spreading treer and has committed adulterys there. 7I thought that after she had done all this she would return to me but she did not, and her unfaithful sistert Judah saw it.u 8I gave faithless Israelv her certificate of divorcew and sent her away because of all her adulteries. Yet I saw that her unfaithful sister Judah had no fear;x she also went out and committed adultery. 9Because Israel’s immorality mattered so little to her, she defiled the landy and committed adulteryz with stonea and wood.b 10In spite of all this, her unfaithful sister Judah did not returnc to me with all her heart, but only in pretense,d” declares the LORD.e
11The LORD said to me, “Faithless Israel is more righteousf than unfaithfulg Judah.h 12Go, proclaim this message toward the north:i
“ ‘Return,j faithlessk Israel,’ declares the LORD,
‘I will frown on you no longer,
for I am faithful,’l declares the LORD,
‘I will not be angrym forever.
13Only acknowledgen your guilt—
you have rebelled against the LORD your God,
you have scattered your favors to foreign godso
under every spreading tree,p
and have not obeyedq me,’ ”
declares the LORD.
14“Return,r faithless people,” declares the LORD, “for I am your husband.s I will choose you—one from a town and two from a clan—and bring you to Zion. 15Then I will give you shepherdst after my own heart,u who will lead you with knowledge and understanding. 16In those days, when your numbers have increased greatly in the land,” declares the LORD, “people will no longer say, ‘The arkv of the covenant of the LORD.’ It will never enter their minds or be remembered;w it will not be missed, nor will another one be made. 17At that time they will call Jerusalem The Thronex of the LORD, and all nationsy will gather in Jerusalem to honorz the name of the LORD. No longer will they follow the stubbornness of their evil hearts.a 18In those days the people of Judah will join the people of Israel,b and togetherc they will come from a northernd land to the lande I gave your ancestors as an inheritance.
19“I myself said,
“ ‘How gladly would I treat you like my children
and give you a pleasant land,f
the most beautiful inheritanceg of any nation.’
I thought you would call me ‘Father’h
and not turn away from following me.
20But like a woman unfaithful to her husband,
so you, Israel, have been unfaithfuli to me,”
declares the LORD.
21A cry is heard on the barren heights,j
the weepingk and pleading of the people of Israel,
because they have perverted their ways
and have forgottenl the LORD their God.
22“Return,m faithless people;
I will curen you of backsliding.”o
“Yes, we will come to you,
for you are the LORD our God.
23Surely the idolatrous commotion on the hillsp
and mountains is a deception;
surely in the LORD our God
is the salvationq of Israel.
24From our youth shamefulr gods have consumed
the fruits of our ancestors’ labor—
their flocks and herds,
their sons and daughters.
25Let us lie down in our shame,s
and let our disgrace cover us.
We have sinnedt against the LORD our God,
both we and our ancestors;u
from our youthv till this day
we have not obeyedw the LORD our God.”
Jeremiah 4
1“If you, Israel, will return,a
then return to me,”
declares the LORD.
“If you put your detestable idolsb out of my sight
and no longer go astray,
2and if in a truthful, just and righteous way
you swear,c ‘As surely as the LORD lives,’d
then the nations will invoke blessingse by him
and in him they will boast.f”
3This is what the LORD says to the people of Judah and to Jerusalem:
“Break up your unplowed groundg
and do not sow among thorns.h
4Circumcise yourselves to the LORD,
circumcise your hearts,i
you people of Judah and inhabitants of Jerusalem,
or my wrathj will flare up and burn like firek
because of the evill you have done—
burn with no one to quenchm it.
Disaster From the North
5“Announce in Judah and proclaimn in Jerusalem and say:
‘Sound the trumpeto throughout the land!’
Cry aloud and say:
‘Gather together!
Let us flee to the fortified cities!’p
6Raise the signalq to go to Zion!
Flee for safety without delay!
For I am bringing disasterr from the north,s
even terrible destruction.”
7A liont has come out of his lair;u
a destroyerv of nations has set out.
He has left his place
to lay wastew your land.
Your towns will lie in ruinsx
without inhabitant.
8So put on sackcloth,y
lamentz and wail,
for the fierce angera of the LORD
has not turned away from us.
9“In that day,” declares the LORD,
“the king and the officials will lose heart,b
the priests will be horrified,
and the prophets will be appalled.”c
10Then I said, “Alas, Sovereign LORD! How completely you have deceivedd this people and Jerusalem by saying, ‘You will have peace,’e when the sword is at our throats!”
11At that time this people and Jerusalem will be told, “A scorching windf from the barren heights in the desert blows toward my people, but not to winnow or cleanse; 12a windg too strong for that comes from me. Now I pronounce my judgmentsh against them.”
13Look! He advances like the clouds,i
his chariotsj come like a whirlwind,k
his horsesl are swifter than eagles.m
Woe to us! We are ruined!n
14Jerusalem, washo the evil from your heart and be saved.p
How longq will you harbor wicked thoughts?
15A voice is announcing from Dan,r
proclaiming disaster from the hills of Ephraim.s
16“Tell this to the nations,
proclaim concerning Jerusalem:
‘A besieging army is coming from a distant land,t
raising a war cryu against the cities of Judah.v
17They surroundw her like men guarding a field,
because she has rebelledx against me,’ ”
declares the LORD.
18“Your own conduct and actionsy
have brought this on you.z
This is your punishment.
How bittera it is!
How it pierces to the heart!”
19Oh, my anguish, my anguish!b
I writhe in pain.c
Oh, the agony of my heart!
My heart poundsd within me,
I cannot keep silent.e
For I have heard the sound of the trumpet;f
I have heard the battle cry.g
20Disaster follows disaster;h
the whole land lies in ruins.i
In an instant my tentsj are destroyed,
my shelter in a moment.
21How long must I see the battle standardk
and hear the sound of the trumpet?l
22“My people are fools;m
they do not know me.n
They are senseless children;
they have no understanding.o
They are skilled in doing evil;p
they know not how to do good.”q
23I looked at the earth,
and it was formless and empty;r
and at the heavens,
and their lights was gone.
24I looked at the mountains,
and they were quaking;t
all the hills were swaying.
25I looked, and there were no people;
every bird in the sky had flown away.u
26I looked, and the fruitful land was a desert;v
all its towns lay in ruinsw
before the LORD, before his fierce anger.x
27This is what the LORD says:
“The whole land will be ruined,y
though I will not destroyz it completely.
28Therefore the earth will mourna
and the heavens above grow dark,b
because I have spoken and will not relent,c
I have decided and will not turn back.d”
29At the sound of horsemen and archerse
every town takes to flight.f
Some go into the thickets;
some climb up among the rocks.g
All the towns are deserted;h
no one lives in them.
30What are you doing,i you devastated one?
Why dress yourself in scarlet
and put on jewelsj of gold?
Why highlight your eyes with makeup?k
You adorn yourself in vain.
Your loversl despise you;
they want to kill you.m
31I hear a cry as of a woman in labor,n
a groan as of one bearing her first child—
the cry of Daughter Ziono gasping for breath,p
stretching out her handsq and saying,
“Alas! I am fainting;
my life is given over to murderers.”r
Jeremiah 5
Not One Is Upright
1“Go up and downa the streets of Jerusalem,
look around and consider,b
search through her squares.
If you can find but one personc
who deals honestlyd and seeks the truth,
I will forgivee this city.
2Although they say, ‘As surely as the LORD lives,’f
still they are swearing falsely.g”
3LORD, do not your eyesh look for truth?
You strucki them, but they felt no pain;
you crushed them, but they refused correction.j
They made their faces harder than stonek
and refused to repent.l
4I thought, “These are only the poor;
they are foolish,m
for they do not known the way of the LORD,
the requirements of their God.
5So I will go to the leaderso
and speak to them;
surely they know the way of the LORD,
the requirements of their God.”
But with one accord they too had broken off the yoke
and torn off the bonds.p
6Therefore a lion from the forestq will attack them,
a wolf from the desert will ravager them,
a leopards will lie in wait near their towns
to tear to pieces any who venture out,
for their rebellion is great
and their backslidings many.t
7“Why should I forgive you?
Your children have forsaken me
and swornu by gods that are not gods.v
I supplied all their needs,
yet they committed adulteryw
and thronged to the houses of prostitutes.x
8They are well-fed, lusty stallions,
each neighing for another man’s wife.y
9Should I not punish them for this?”z
declares the LORD.
“Should I not avengea myself
on such a nation as this?
10“Go through her vineyards and ravage them,
but do not destroy them completely.b
Strip off her branches,
for these people do not belong to the LORD.
11The people of Israel and the people of Judah
have been utterly unfaithfulc to me,”
declares the LORD.
12They have liedd about the LORD;
they said, “He will do nothing!
No harm will come to us;e
we will never see sword or famine.f
13The prophetsg are but windh
and the word is not in them;
so let what they say be done to them.”
14Therefore this is what the LORD God Almighty says:
“Because the people have spoken these words,
I will make my words in your mouthi a firej
and these people the wood it consumes.k
15People of Israel,” declares the LORD,
“I am bringing a distant nationl against you—
an ancient and enduring nation,
a people whose languagem you do not know,
whose speech you do not understand.
16Their quiversn are like an open grave;
all of them are mighty warriors.
17They will devouro your harvests and food,
devourp your sons and daughters;
they will devourq your flocks and herds,
devour your vines and fig trees.r
With the swords they will destroy
the fortified citiest in which you trust.u
18“Yet even in those days,” declares the LORD, “I will not destroyv you completely. 19And when the people ask,w ‘Why has the LORD our God done all this to us?’ you will tell them, ‘As you have forsaken me and served foreign godsx in your own land, so now you will serve foreignersy in a land not your own.’
20“Announce this to the descendants of Jacob
and proclaimz it in Judah:
21Hear this, you foolish and senseless people,a
who have eyesb but do not see,
who have ears but do not hear:c
22Should you not feard me?” declares the LORD.
“Should you not tremblee in my presence?
I made the sand a boundary for the sea,f
an everlasting barrier it cannot cross.
The waves may roll, but they cannot prevail;
they may roar,g but they cannot cross it.
23But these people have stubborn and rebellioush hearts;
they have turned asidei and gone away.
24They do not say to themselves,
‘Let us fearj the LORD our God,
who gives autumn and spring rainsk in season,
who assures us of the regular weeks of harvest.’l
25Your wrongdoings have kept these away;
your sins have deprived you of good.m
26“Among my people are the wickedn
who lie in waito like men who snare birds
and like those who set trapsp to catch people.
27Like cages full of birds,
their houses are full of deceit;q
they have become richr and powerful
28and have grown fats and sleek.
Their evil deeds have no limit;
they do not seek justice.
They do not promote the case of the fatherless;t
they do not defend the just cause of the poor.u
29Should I not punish them for this?”
declares the LORD.
“Should I not avengev myself
on such a nation as this?
30“A horriblew and shocking thing
has happened in the land:
31The prophets prophesy lies,x
the priestsy rule by their own authority,
and my people love it this way.
But what will you do in the end?z
Jeremiah 6
Jerusalem Under Siege
1“Flee for safety, people of Benjamin!
Flee from Jerusalem!
Sound the trumpeta in Tekoa!b
Raise the signal over Beth Hakkerem!c
For disaster looms out of the north,d
even terrible destruction.
2I will destroy Daughter Zion,e
so beautiful and delicate.f
3Shepherdsg with their flocks will come against her;
they will pitch their tents aroundh her,
each tending his own portion.”
4“Prepare for battle against her!
Arise, let us attack at noon!i
But, alas, the daylight is fading,
and the shadows of evening grow long.
5So arise, let us attack at night
and destroy her fortresses!”
6This is what the LORD Almighty says:
“Cut down the treesj
and build siege rampsk against Jerusalem.
This city must be punished;
it is filled with oppression.l
7As a well pours out its water,
so she pours out her wickedness.
Violencem and destructionn resound in her;
her sickness and wounds are ever before me.
8Take warning, Jerusalem,
or I will turn awayo from you
and make your land desolate
so no one can live in it.”
9This is what the LORD Almighty says:
“Let them glean the remnantp of Israel
as thoroughly as a vine;
pass your hand over the branches again,
like one gathering grapes.”
10To whom can I speak and give warning?
Who will listenq to me?
Their ears are closed,r
so they cannot hear.s
The wordt of the LORD is offensive to them;
they find no pleasure in it.
11But I am full of the wrathu of the LORD,
and I cannot hold it in.v
“Pour it out on the children in the street
and on the young menw gathered together;
both husband and wife will be caught in it,
and the old, those weighed down with years.x
12Their houses will be turned over to others,y
together with their fields and their wives,z
when I stretch out my handa
against those who live in the land,”
declares the LORD.
13“From the least to the greatest,
allb are greedy for gain;c
prophets and priests alike,
all practice deceit.d
14They dress the wound of my people
as though it were not serious.
‘Peace, peace,’ they say,
when there is no peace.e
15Are they ashamed of their detestable conduct?
No, they have no shame at all;
they do not even know how to blush.f
So they will fall among the fallen;
they will be brought down when I punishg them,”
says the LORD.
16This is what the LORD says:
“Stand at the crossroads and look;
ask for the ancient paths,h
ask where the good wayi is, and walk in it,
and you will find restj for your souls.
But you said, ‘We will not walk in it.’
17I appointed watchmenk over you and said,
‘Listen to the sound of the trumpet!’l
But you said, ‘We will not listen.’m
18Therefore hear, you nations;
you who are witnesses,
observe what will happen to them.
19Hear, you earth:n
I am bringing disastero on this people,
the fruit of their schemes,p
because they have not listened to my wordsq
and have rejected my law.r
20What do I care about incense from Shebas
or sweet calamust from a distant land?
Your burnt offerings are not acceptable;u
your sacrificesv do not please me.”w
21Therefore this is what the LORD says:
“I will put obstacles before this people.
Parents and children alike will stumblex over them;
neighbors and friends will perish.”
22This is what the LORD says:
“Look, an army is coming
from the land of the north;y
a great nation is being stirred up
from the ends of the earth.z
23They are armed with bow and spear;
they are cruel and show no mercy.a
They sound like the roaring seab
as they ride on their horses;c
they come like men in battle formation
to attack you, Daughter Zion.d”
24We have heard reports about them,
and our hands hang limp.e
Anguishf has gripped us,
pain like that of a woman in labor.g
25Do not go out to the fields
or walk on the roads,
for the enemy has a sword,
and there is terror on every side.h
26Put on sackcloth,i my people,
and roll in ashes;j
mourn with bitter wailingk
as for an only son,l
for suddenly the destroyerm
will come upon us.
27“I have made you a testern of metals
and my people the ore,
that you may observe
and test their ways.
28They are all hardened rebels,o
going about to slander.p
They are bronze and iron;q
they all act corruptly.
29The bellows blow fiercely
to burn away the lead with fire,
but the refiningr goes on in vain;
the wicked are not purged out.
30They are called rejected silver,s
because the LORD has rejected them.”t
Jeremiah 7
False Religion Worthless
1This is the word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD: 2“Standa at the gate of the LORD’s house and there proclaim this message:
“ ‘Hear the word of the LORD, all you people of Judah who come through these gates to worship the LORD. 3This is what the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, says: Reform your waysb and your actions, and I will let you livec in this place. 4Do not trustd in deceptivee words and say, “This is the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD!” 5If you really changef your ways and your actions and deal with each other justly,g 6if you do not oppressh the foreigner, the fatherless or the widow and do not shed innocent bloodi in this place, and if you do not follow other godsj to your own harm, 7then I will let you live in this place, in the landk I gave your ancestorsl for ever and ever. 8But look, you are trustingm in deceptiven words that are worthless.
9“ ‘Will you stealo and murder,p commit adulteryq and perjury,,r burn incense to Baals and follow other godst you have not known, 10and then come and standu before me in this house,v which bears my Name, and say, “We are safe”—safe to do all these detestable things?w 11Has this house,x which bears my Name, become a den of robbersy to you? But I have been watching!z declares the LORD.
12“ ‘Go now to the place in Shiloha where I first made a dwellingb for my Name,c and see what I didd to it because of the wickedness of my people Israel. 13While you were doing all these things, declares the LORD, I spokee to you again and again,f but you did not listen;g I calledh you, but you did not answer.i 14Therefore, what I did to Shilohj I will now do to the house that bears my Name,k the templel you trust in, the place I gave to you and your ancestors. 15I will thrust you from my presence,m just as I did all your fellow Israelites, the people of Ephraim.’n Photo
16“So do not pray for this people nor offer any pleao or petition for them; do not plead with me, for I will not listenp to you. 17Do you not see what they are doing in the towns of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem? 18The children gather wood, the fathers light the fire, and the women knead the dough and make cakes to offer to the Queen of Heaven.q They pour out drink offeringsr to other gods to arouses my anger. 19But am I the one they are provoking?t declares the LORD. Are they not rather harming themselves, to their own shame?u
20“ ‘Therefore this is what the Sovereignv LORD says: My angerw and my wrath will be pouredx out on this place—on man and beast, on the trees of the field and on the crops of your land—and it will burn and not be quenched.y
21“ ‘This is what the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, says: Go ahead, add your burnt offerings to your other sacrificesz and eata the meat yourselves! 22For when I brought your ancestors out of Egypt and spoke to them, I did not just give them commandsb about burnt offerings and sacrifices,c 23but I gave them this command:d Obeye me, and I will be your God and you will be my people.f Walk in obedience to allg I command you, that it may go wellh with you. 24But they did not listeni or pay attention;j instead, they followed the stubborn inclinations of their evil hearts.k They went backwardl and not forward. 25From the time your ancestors left Egypt until now, day after day, again and againm I sent you my servantsn the prophets.o 26But they did not listen to me or pay attention.p They were stiff-neckedq and did more evil than their ancestors.’r
27“When you tells them all this, they will not listent to you; when you call to them, they will not answer.u 28Therefore say to them, ‘This is the nation that has not obeyed the LORD its God or responded to correction.v Truthw has perished; it has vanished from their lips.
29“ ‘Cut offx your hair and throw it away; take up a lamenty on the barren heights, for the LORD has rejected and abandonedz this generation that is under his wrath.
The Valley of Slaughter
30“ ‘The people of Judah have done evila in my eyes, declares the LORD. They have set up their detestable idolsb in the house that bears my Name and have defiledc it. 31They have built the high places of Tophethd in the Valley of Ben Hinnome to burn their sons and daughtersf in the fire—something I did not command, nor did it enter my mind.g 32So beware, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when people will no longer call it Topheth or the Valley of Ben Hinnom, but the Valley of Slaughter,h for they will buryi the dead in Topheth until there is no more room. 33Then the carcassesj of this people will become foodk for the birds and the wild animals, and there will be no one to frighten them away.l 34I will bring an end to the soundsm of joy and gladness and to the voices of bride and bridegroomn in the towns of Judah and the streets of Jerusalem,o for the land will become desolate.p
Jeremiah 8
1“ ‘At that time, declares the LORD, the bones of the kings and officials of Judah, the bones of the priests and prophets, and the bonesa of the people of Jerusalem will be removedb from their graves. 2They will be exposed to the sun and the moon and all the stars of the heavens, which they have loved and servedc and which they have followed and consulted and worshiped.d They will not be gathered up or buried,e but will be like dung lying on the ground.f 3Wherever I banish them,g all the survivors of this evil nation will prefer death to life,h declares the LORD Almighty.’
Sin and Punishment
4“Say to them, ‘This is what the LORD says:
“ ‘When people fall down, do they not get up?i
When someone turns away,j do they not return?
5Why then have these people turned away?
Why does Jerusalem always turn away?
They cling to deceit;k
they refuse to return.l
6I have listenedm attentively,
but they do not say what is right.
None of them repentn of their wickedness,
saying, “What have I done?”
Each pursues their own courseo
like a horse charging into battle.
7Even the stork in the sky
knows her appointed seasons,
and the dove, the swift and the thrush
observe the time of their migration.
But my people do not knowp
the requirements of the LORD.
8“ ‘How can you say, “We are wise,
for we have the lawq of the LORD,”
when actually the lying pen of the scribes
has handled it falsely?
9The wiser will be put to shame;
they will be dismayeds and trapped.t
Since they have rejected the wordu of the LORD,
what kind of wisdomv do they have?
10Therefore I will give their wives to other men
and their fields to new owners.w
From the least to the greatest,
all are greedy for gain;x
prophetsy and priests alike,
all practice deceit.z
11They dress the wound of my people
as though it were not serious.
“Peace, peace,” they say,
when there is no peace.a
12Are they ashamed of their detestable conduct?
No, they have no shameb at all;
they do not even know how to blush.
So they will fall among the fallen;
they will be brought down when they are punished,c
says the LORD.d
13“ ‘I will take away their harvest,
declares the LORD.
There will be no grapes on the vine.e
There will be no figsf on the tree,
and their leaves will wither.g
What I have given them
will be takenh from them.’ ”
14Why are we sitting here?
Gather together!
Let us flee to the fortified citiesi
and perish there!
For the LORD our God has doomed us to perish
and given us poisoned waterj to drink,
because we have sinnedk against him.
15We hoped for peacel
but no good has come,
for a time of healing
but there is only terror.m
16The snorting of the enemy’s horsesn
is heard from Dan;o
at the neighing of their stallions
the whole land trembles.p
They have come to devourq
the land and everything in it,
the city and all who live there.
17“See, I will send venomous snakesr among you,
vipers that cannot be charmed,s
and they will bite you,”
declares the LORD.
18You who are my Comforter in sorrow,
my heart is faintt within me.
19Listen to the cry of my people
from a land far away:u
“Is the LORD not in Zion?
Is her Kingv no longer there?”
“Why have they arousedw my anger with their images,
with their worthlessx foreign idols?”y
20“The harvest is past,
the summer has ended,
and we are not saved.”
21Since my people are crushed,z I am crushed;
I mourn,a and horror grips me.
22Is there no balm in Gilead?b
Is there no physicianc there?
Why then is there no healingd
for the wound of my people?
Jeremiah 9
1Oh, that my head were a spring of water
and my eyes a fountain of tears!a
I would weepb day and night
for the slain of my people.c
2Oh, that I had in the desertd
a lodging place for travelers,
so that I might leave my people
and go away from them;
for they are all adulterers,e
a crowd of unfaithfulf people.
3“They make ready their tongue
like a bow, to shoot lies;g
it is not by truth
that they triumph in the land.
They go from one sin to another;
they do not acknowledgeh me,”
declares the LORD.
4“Beware of your friends;i
do not trust anyone in your clan.j
For every one of them is a deceiver,,k
and every friend a slanderer.l
5Friend deceives friend,m
and no one speaks the truth.n
They have taught their tongues to lie;o
they weary themselves with sinning.
6You live in the midst of deception;p
in their deceit they refuse to acknowledge me,”
declares the LORD.
7Therefore this is what the LORD Almighty says:
“See, I will refineq and testr them,
for what else can I do
because of the sin of my people?
8Their tongues is a deadly arrow;
it speaks deceitfully.
With their mouths they all speak cordially to their neighbors,t
but in their hearts they set trapsu for them.v
9Should I not punish them for this?”
declares the LORD.
“Should I not avengew myself
on such a nation as this?”
10I will weep and wail for the mountains
and take up a lament concerning the wilderness grasslands.x
They are desolate and untraveled,
and the lowing of cattle is not heard.
The birdsy have all fled
and the animals are gone.
11“I will make Jerusalem a heapz of ruins,
a haunt of jackals;a
and I will lay waste the towns of Judahb
so no one can live there.”c
12Who is wised enough to understand this? Who has been instructed by the LORD and can explain it? Why has the land been ruined and laid waste like a desert that no one can cross?
13The LORD said, “It is because they have forsaken my law, which I set before them; they have not obeyed me or followed my law.e 14Instead, they have followedf the stubbornness of their hearts;g they have followed the Baals, as their ancestors taught them.” 15Therefore this is what the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, says: “See, I will make this people eat bitter foodh and drink poisoned water.i 16I will scatter them among nationsj that neither they nor their ancestors have known,k and I will pursue them with the swordl until I have made an end of them.”m
17This is what the LORD Almighty says:
“Consider now! Call for the wailing womenn to come;
send for the most skillful of them.
18Let them come quickly
and wail over us
till our eyes overflow with tears
and water streams from our eyelids.o
19The sound of wailing is heard from Zion:
‘How ruinedp we are!
How great is our shame!
We must leave our land
because our houses are in ruins.’ ”
20Now, you women, hear the word of the LORD;
open your ears to the words of his mouth.q
Teach your daughters how to wail;
teach one another a lament.r
21Death has climbed in through our windowss
and has entered our fortresses;
it has removed the children from the streets
and the young ment from the public squares.
22Say, “This is what the LORD declares:
“ ‘Dead bodies will lie
like dungu on the open field,
like cut grain behind the reaper,
with no one to gather them.’ ”
23This is what the LORD says:
“Let not the wise boast of their wisdomv
or the strong boast of their strengthw
or the rich boast of their riches,x
24but let the one who boasts boasty about this:
that they have the understanding to knowz me,
that I am the LORD,a who exercises kindness,b
justice and righteousnessc on earth,
for in these I delight,”
declares the LORD.
25“The days are coming,” declares the LORD, “when I will punish all who are circumcised only in the fleshd— 26Egypt, Judah, Edom, Ammon, Moab and all who live in the wilderness in distant places.,e For all these nations are really uncircumcised,f and even the whole house of Israel is uncircumcised in heart.g”
Jeremiah 10
God and Idols
10:12-16pp — Jer 51:15-19
1Hear what the LORD says to you, people of Israel. 2This is what the LORD says:
“Do not learn the ways of the nationsa
or be terrified by signsb in the heavens,
though the nations are terrified by them.
3For the practices of the peoples are worthless;
they cut a tree out of the forest,
and a craftsmanc shapes it with his chisel.d Photo
4They adorn it with silvere and gold;
they fasten it with hammer and nails
so it will not totter.f
5Like a scarecrow in a cucumber field,
their idols cannot speak;g
they must be carried
because they cannot walk.h
Do not fear them;
they can do no harmi
nor can they do any good.”j
6No one is like you,k LORD;
you are great,l
and your name is mighty in power.
7Who should not fearm you,
King of the nations?n
This is your due.
Among all the wise leaders of the nations
and in all their kingdoms,
there is no one like you.
8They are all senselesso and foolish;p
they are taught by worthless wooden idols.q
9Hammered silver is brought from Tarshishr
and gold from Uphaz.
What the craftsman and goldsmith have mades
is then dressed in blue and purple—
all made by skilled workers.
10But the LORD is the true God;
he is the living God,t the eternal King.u
When he is angry,v the earth trembles;w
the nations cannot endure his wrath.x
11“Tell them this: ‘These gods, who did not make the heavens and the earth, will perishy from the earth and from under the heavens.’ ”
12But God madez the eartha by his power;
he founded the world by his wisdomb
and stretched out the heavensc by his understanding.
13When he thunders,d the waters in the heavens roar;
he makes clouds rise from the ends of the earth.
He sends lightninge with the rainf
and brings out the wind from his storehouses.g
14Everyone is senseless and without knowledge;
every goldsmith is shamedh by his idols.
The images he makes are a fraud;i
they have no breath in them.
15They are worthless,j the objects of mockery;
when their judgment comes, they will perish.
16He who is the Portionk of Jacob is not like these,
for he is the Maker of all things,l
including Israel, the people of his inheritancem—
the LORD Almighty is his name.n
Coming Destruction
17Gather up your belongingso to leave the land,
you who live under siege.
18For this is what the LORD says:
“At this time I will hurlp out
those who live in this land;
I will bring distressq on them
so that they may be captured.”
19Woe to me because of my injury!
My woundr is incurable!
Yet I said to myself,
“This is my sickness, and I must endures it.”
20My tentt is destroyed;
all its ropes are snapped.
My children are gone from me and are no more;u
no one is left now to pitch my tent
or to set up my shelter.
21The shepherdsv are senselessw
and do not inquire of the LORD;x
so they do not prospery
and all their flock is scattered.z
22Listen! The report is coming—
a great commotion from the land of the north!a
It will make the towns of Judah desolate,b
a haunt of jackals.c
Jeremiah’s Prayer
23LORD, I know that people’s lives are not their own;
it is not for them to direct their steps.d
24Discipline me, LORD, but only in due measure—
not in your anger,e
or you will reduce me to nothing.f
25Pour out your wrath on the nationsg
that do not acknowledge you,
on the peoples who do not call on your name.h
For they have devouredi Jacob;
they have devoured him completely
and destroyed his homeland.j
Jeremiah 11
The Covenant Is Broken
1This is the word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD: 2“Listen to the terms of this covenanta and tell them to the people of Judah and to those who live in Jerusalem. 3Tell them that this is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: ‘Cursedb is the one who does not obey the terms of this covenant— 4the terms I commanded your ancestors when I brought them out of Egypt,c out of the iron-smelting furnace.d’ I said, ‘Obeye me and do everything I command you, and you will be my people,f and I will be your God. 5Then I will fulfill the oath I sworeg to your ancestors, to give them a land flowing with milk and honey’h—the land you possess today.”
I answered, “Amen,i LORD.”
6The LORD said to me, “Proclaimj all these words in the towns of Judah and in the streets of Jerusalem: ‘Listen to the terms of this covenant and followk them. 7From the time I brought your ancestors up from Egypt until today, I warned them again and again,l saying, “Obey me.” 8But they did not listen or pay attention;m instead, they followed the stubbornness of their evil hearts.n So I brought on them all the curseso of the covenant I had commanded them to follow but that they did not keep.p’ ”
9Then the LORD said to me, “There is a conspiracyq among the people of Judah and those who live in Jerusalem. 10They have returned to the sins of their ancestors,r who refused to listen to my words.s They have followed other godst to serve them.u Both Israel and Judah have broken the covenantv I made with their ancestors. 11Therefore this is what the LORD says: ‘I will bring on them a disasterw they cannot escape.x Although they cryy out to me, I will not listenz to them. 12The towns of Judah and the people of Jerusalem will go and cry out to the gods to whom they burn incense,a but they will not help them at all when disasterb strikes. 13You, Judah, have as many godsc as you have towns;d and the altars you have set up to burn incensee to that shamefulf god Baal are as many as the streets of Jerusalem.’ Photo
14“Do not prayg for this people or offer any plea or petition for them, because I will not listenh when they call to me in the time of their distress.
15“What is my beloved doing in my temple
as she, with many others, works out her evil schemes?
Can consecrated meati avert your punishment?j
When you engage in your wickedness,
then you rejoice.”
16The LORD called you a thriving olive treek
with fruit beautiful in form.
But with the roar of a mighty storm
he will set it on fire,l
and its branches will be broken.m
17The LORD Almighty, who plantedn you, has decreed disastero for you, because the people of both Israel and Judah have done evil and arousedp my anger by burning incense to Baal.q
Plot Against Jeremiah
18Because the LORD revealed their plot to me, I knew it, for at that time he showed me what they were doing. 19I had been like a gentle lamb led to the slaughter;r I did not realize that they had plotteds against me, saying,
“Let us destroy the tree and its fruit;
let us cut him off from the land of the living,t
that his name be rememberedu no more.”
20But you, LORD Almighty, who judge righteouslyv
and test the heartw and mind,x
let me see your vengeancey on them,
for to you I have committed my cause.
21Therefore this is what the LORD says about the people of Anathothz who are threatening to kill you,a saying, “Do not prophesyb in the name of the LORD or you will diec by our hands”— 22therefore this is what the LORD Almighty says: “I will punish them. Their young mend will die by the sword, their sons and daughters by famine. 23Not even a remnante will be left to them, because I will bring disaster on the people of Anathoth in the year of their punishment.f”
Jeremiah 12
Jeremiah’s Complaint
1You are always righteous,a LORD,
when I bring a caseb before you.
Yet I would speak with you about your justice:c
Why does the way of the wicked prosper?d
Why do all the faithless live at ease?
2You have plantede them, and they have taken root;
they grow and bear fruit.f
You are always on their lips
but far from their hearts.g
3Yet you know me, LORD;
you see me and testh my thoughts about you.
Drag them off like sheepi to be butchered!
Set them apart for the day of slaughter!j
4How long will the land lie parchedk
and the grass in every field be withered?l
Because those who live in it are wicked,
the animals and birds have perished.m
Moreover, the people are saying,
“He will not see what happens to us.”
God’s Answer
5“If you have raced with men on foot
and they have worn you out,
how can you compete with horses?
If you stumble in safe country,
how will you manage in the thicketsn by the Jordan?
6Your relatives, members of your own family—
even they have betrayed you;
they have raised a loud cry against you.o
Do not trust them,
though they speak well of you.p
7“I will forsakeq my house,
abandonr my inheritance;
I will give the one I loves
into the hands of her enemies.t
8My inheritance has become to me
like a lionu in the forest.
She roars at me;
therefore I hate her.v
9Has not my inheritance become to me
like a speckled bird of prey
that other birds of prey surround and attack?
Go and gather all the wild beasts;
bring them to devour.w
10Many shepherdsx will ruin my vineyard
and trample down my field;
they will turn my pleasant field
into a desolate wasteland.y
11It will be made a wasteland,z
parched and desolate before me;a
the whole land will be laid waste
because there is no one who cares.
12Over all the barren heights in the desert
destroyers will swarm,
for the swordb of the LORDc will devourd
from one end of the land to the other;e
no one will be safe.f
13They will sow wheat but reap thorns;
they will wear themselves out but gain nothing.g
They will bear the shame of their harvest
because of the LORD’s fierce anger.”h
14This is what the LORD says: “As for all my wicked neighbors who seize the inheritancei I gave my people Israel, I will uprootj them from their lands and I will uprootk the people of Judah from among them. 15But after I uproot them, I will again have compassionl and will bringm each of them back to their own inheritance and their own country. 16And if they learnn well the ways of my people and swear by my name, saying, ‘As surely as the LORD lives’o—even as they once taught my people to swear by Baalp—then they will be established among my people.q 17But if any nation does not listen, I will completely uproot and destroyr it,” declares the LORD.
Jeremiah 13
A Linen Belt
1This is what the LORD said to me: “Go and buy a linen belt and put it around your waist, but do not let it touch water.” 2So I bought a belt, as the LORD directed, and put it around my waist.
3Then the word of the LORD came to me a second time:a 4“Take the belt you bought and are wearing around your waist, and go now to Perath,b and hide it there in a crevice in the rocks.” 5So I went and hid it at Perath, as the LORD told me.c
6Many days later the LORD said to me, “Go now to Perath and get the belt I told you to hide there.” 7So I went to Perath and dug up the belt and took it from the place where I had hidden it, but now it was ruined and completely useless.
8Then the word of the LORD came to me: 9“This is what the LORD says: ‘In the same way I will ruin the pride of Judah and the great prided of Jerusalem. 10These wicked people, who refuse to listene to my words, who follow the stubbornness of their heartsf and go after other godsg to serve and worship them,h will be like this belt—completely useless!i 11For as a belt is bound around the waist, so I bound all the people of Israel and all the people of Judah to me,’ declares the LORD, ‘to be my people for my renownj and praise and honor.k But they have not listened.’l
Wineskins
12“Say to them: ‘This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: Every wineskin should be filled with wine.’ And if they say to you, ‘Don’t we know that every wineskin should be filled with wine?’ 13then tell them, ‘This is what the LORD says: I am going to fill with drunkennessm all who live in this land, including the kings who sit on David’s throne, the priests, the prophets and all those living in Jerusalem. 14I will smash them one against the other, parents and children alike, declares the LORD. I will allow no pityn or mercy or compassiono to keep me from destroyingp them.’ ”
Threat of Captivity
15Hear and pay attention,
do not be arrogant,
for the LORD has spoken.q
16Give gloryr to the LORD your God
before he brings the darkness,
before your feet stumbles
on the darkening hills.
You hope for light,
but he will turn it to utter darkness
and change it to deep gloom.t
17If you do not listen,u
I will weep in secret
because of your pride;
my eyes will weep bitterly,
overflowing with tears,v
because the LORD’s flockw will be taken captive.x
18Say to the kingy and to the queen mother,z
“Come down from your thrones,
for your glorious crownsa
will fall from your heads.”
19The cities in the Negev will be shut up,
and there will be no one to open them.
All Judahb will be carried into exile,
carried completely away.
20Look up and see
those who are coming from the north.c
Where is the flockd that was entrusted to you,
the sheep of which you boasted?
21What will you say when the LORD sets over you
those you cultivated as your special allies?e
Will not pain grip you
like that of a woman in labor?f
22And if you ask yourself,
“Why has this happened to me?”g—
it is because of your many sinsh
that your skirts have been torn offi
and your body mistreated.j
23Can an Ethiopian change his skin
or a leopard its spots?
Neither can you do good
who are accustomed to doing evil.k
24“I will scatter you like chaffl
driven by the desert wind.m
25This is your lot,
the portionn I have decreed for you,”
declares the LORD,
“because you have forgotteno me
and trusted in false gods.p
26I will pull up your skirts over your face
that your shame may be seenq—
27your adulteries and lustful neighings,
your shameless prostitution!r
I have seen your detestable acts
on the hills and in the fields.s
Woe to you, Jerusalem!
How long will you be unclean?”t
Jeremiah 14
Drought, Famine, Sword
1This is the word of the LORD that came to Jeremiah concerning the drought:a
2“Judah mourns,b
her cities languish;
they wail for the land,
and a cry goes up from Jerusalem.
3The nobles send their servants for water;
they go to the cisterns
but find no water.c
They return with their jars unfilled;
dismayed and despairing,
they cover their heads.d
4The ground is cracked
because there is no rain in the land;e
the farmers are dismayed
and cover their heads.
5Even the doe in the field
deserts her newborn fawn
because there is no grass.f
6Wild donkeys stand on the barren heightsg
and pant like jackals;
their eyes fail
for lack of food.”h
7Although our sins testifyi against us,
do something, LORD, for the sake of your name.j
For we have often rebelled;k
we have sinnedl against you.
8You who are the hopem of Israel,
its Saviorn in times of distress,o
why are you like a stranger in the land,
like a traveler who stays only a night?
9Why are you like a man taken by surprise,
like a warrior powerless to save?p
You are amongq us, LORD,
and we bear your name;r
do not forsakes us!
10This is what the LORD says about this people:
“They greatly love to wander;
they do not restrain their feet.t
So the LORD does not acceptu them;
he will now rememberv their wickedness
and punish them for their sins.”w
11Then the LORD said to me, “Do not prayx for the well-being of this people. 12Although they fast, I will not listen to their cry;y though they offer burnt offeringsz and grain offerings,a I will not acceptb them. Instead, I will destroy them with the sword,c famined and plague.”e
13But I said, “Alas, Sovereign LORD! The prophetsf keep telling them, ‘You will not see the sword or suffer famine.g Indeed, I will give you lasting peaceh in this place.’ ”
14Then the LORD said to me, “The prophets are prophesying liesi in my name. I have not sentj them or appointed them or spoken to them. They are prophesying to you false visions,k divinations,l idolatries and the delusions of their own minds. 15Therefore this is what the LORD says about the prophets who are prophesying in my name: I did not send them, yet they are saying, ‘No sword or famine will touch this land.’ Those same prophets will perishm by sword and famine.n 16And the people they are prophesying to will be thrown out into the streets of Jerusalem because of the famine and sword. There will be no one to buryo them, their wives, their sons and their daughters.p I will pour out on them the calamity they deserve.q
17“Speak this word to them:
“ ‘Let my eyes overflow with tearsr
night and day without ceasing;
for the Virgins Daughter, my people,
has suffered a grievous wound,
a crushing blow.t
18If I go into the country,
I see those slain by the sword;
if I go into the city,
I see the ravages of famine.u
Both prophet and priest
have gone to a land they know not.v’ ”
19Have you rejected Judah completely?w
Do you despise Zion?
Why have you afflicted us
so that we cannot be healed?x
We hoped for peace
but no good has come,
for a time of healing
but there is only terror.y
20We acknowledgez our wickedness, LORD,
and the guilt of our ancestors;a
we have indeed sinnedb against you.
21For the sake of your namec do not despise us;
do not dishonor your glorious throne.d
Remember your covenante with us
and do not break it.
22Do any of the worthless idolsf of the nations bring rain?g
Do the skies themselves send down showers?
No, it is you, LORD our God.
Therefore our hope is in you,
for you are the one who does all this.h
Jeremiah 15
1Then the LORD said to me: “Even if Mosesa and Samuelb were to stand before me, my heart would not go out to this people.c Send them away from my presence!d Let them go! 2And if they ask you, ‘Where shall we go?’ tell them, ‘This is what the LORD says:
“ ‘Those destined for death, to death;
those for the sword, to the sword;e
those for starvation, to starvation;f
those for captivity, to captivity.’g
3“I will send four kinds of destroyersh against them,” declares the LORD, “the swordi to kill and the dogsj to drag away and the birdsk and the wild animals to devour and destroy.l 4I will make them abhorrentm to all the kingdoms of the earthn because of what Manasseho son of Hezekiah king of Judah did in Jerusalem.
5“Who will have pityp on you, Jerusalem?
Who will mourn for you?
Who will stop to ask how you are?
6You have rejectedq me,” declares the LORD.
“You keep on backsliding.
So I will reach outr and destroy you;
I am tired of holding back.s
7I will winnowt them with a winnowing fork
at the city gates of the land.
I will bring bereavementu and destruction on my people,v
for they have not changed their ways.w
8I will make their widowsx more numerous
than the sand of the sea.
At midday I will bring a destroyery
against the mothers of their young men;
suddenly I will bring down on them
anguish and terror.z
9The mother of seven will grow fainta
and breathe her last.b
Her sun will set while it is still day;
she will be disgracedc and humiliated.
I will put the survivors to the swordd
before their enemies,”e
declares the LORD.
10Alas, my mother, that you gave me birth,f
a man with whom the whole land strives and contends!g
I have neither lenth nor borrowed,
yet everyone cursesi me.
11The LORD said,
“Surely I will deliver youj for a good purpose;
surely I will make your enemies pleadk with you
in times of disaster and times of distress.
12“Can a man break iron—
iron from the northl—or bronze?
13“Your wealthm and your treasures
I will give as plunder,n without charge,o
because of all your sins
throughout your country.p
14I will enslave you to your enemies
in a land you do not know,q
for my anger will kindle a firer
that will burn against you.”
15LORD, you understand;
remember me and care for me.
Avenge me on my persecutors.s
You are long-sufferingt—do not take me away;
think of how I suffer reproach for your sake.u
16When your words came, I atev them;
they were my joy and my heart’s delight,w
for I bear your name,x
LORD God Almighty.
17I never saty in the company of revelers,
never made merry with them;
I sat alone because your handz was on me
and you had filled me with indignation.
18Why is my pain unending
and my wound grievous and incurable?a
You are to me like a deceptive brook,
like a spring that fails.b
19Therefore this is what the LORD says:
“If you repent, I will restore you
that you may servec me;
if you utter worthy, not worthless, words,
you will be my spokesman.d
Let this people turn to you,
but you must not turn to them.
20I will make you a walle to this people,
a fortified wall of bronze;
they will fight against you
but will not overcomef you,
for I am with you
to rescue and save you,”g
declares the LORD.
21“I will saveh you from the hands of the wickedi
and deliverj you from the grasp of the cruel.”k
Jeremiah 16
Day of Disaster
1Then the word of the LORD came to me: 2“You must not marrya and have sons or daughters in this place.” 3For this is what the LORD says about the sons and daughters born in this land and about the women who are their mothers and the men who are their fathers:b 4“They will die of deadly diseases. They will not be mourned or buriedc but will be like dung lying on the ground.d They will perish by sword and famine,e and their dead bodies will become food for the birds and the wild animals.”f
5For this is what the LORD says: “Do not enter a house where there is a funeral meal; do not go to mourn or show sympathy, because I have withdrawn my blessing, my love and my pityg from this people,” declares the LORD. 6“Both high and low will die in this land.h They will not be buried or mourned,i and no one will cutj themselves or shavek their head for the dead. 7No one will offer foodl to comfort those who mournm for the dead—not even for a father or a mother—nor will anyone give them a drink to consolen them.
8“And do not enter a house where there is feasting and sit down to eat and drink.o 9For this is what the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, says: Before your eyes and in your days I will bring an end to the soundsp of joy and gladness and to the voices of brideq and bridegroom in this place.r
10“When you tell these people all this and they ask you, ‘Why has the LORD decreed such a great disaster against us? What wrong have we done? What sin have we committed against the LORD our God?’s 11then say to them, ‘It is because your ancestors forsook me,’ declares the LORD, ‘and followed other gods and served and worshipedt them. They forsook me and did not keep my law.u 12But you have behaved more wickedly than your ancestors.v See how all of you are following the stubbornness of your evil heartsw instead of obeying me. 13So I will throw you out of this landx into a land neither you nor your ancestors have known,y and there you will serve other godsz day and night, for I will show you no favor.’a
14“However, the days are coming,”b declares the LORD, “when it will no longer be said, ‘As surely as the LORD lives, who brought the Israelites up out of Egypt,’c 15but it will be said, ‘As surely as the LORD lives, who brought the Israelites up out of the land of the northd and out of all the countries where he had banished them.’e For I will restoref them to the land I gave their ancestors.g
16“But now I will send for many fishermen,” declares the LORD, “and they will catch them.h After that I will send for many hunters, and they will hunti them down on every mountain and hill and from the crevices of the rocks.j 17My eyes are on all their ways; they are not hiddenk from me, nor is their sin concealed from my eyes.l 18I will repaym them doublen for their wickedness and their sin, because they have defiled my lando with the lifeless forms of their vile imagesp and have filled my inheritance with their detestable idols.q”r
19LORD, my strength and my fortress,
my refuges in time of distress,
to you the nations will comet
from the ends of the earth and say,
“Our ancestors possessed nothing but false gods,u
worthless idolsv that did them no good.w
20Do people make their own gods?
Yes, but they are not gods!”x
21“Therefore I will teach them—
this time I will teach them
my power and might.
Then they will know
that my namey is the LORD.
Jeremiah 17
1“Judah’s sin is engraved with an iron tool,a
inscribed with a flint point,
on the tablets of their heartsb
and on the hornsc of their altars.
2Even their children remember
their altars and Asherah poles,d
beside the spreading trees
and on the high hills.e
3My mountain in the land
and your wealth and all your treasures
I will give away as plunder,f
together with your high places,g
because of sin throughout your country.h
4Through your own fault you will lose
the inheritancei I gave you.
I will enslave you to your enemiesj
in a landk you do not know,
for you have kindled my anger,
and it will burnl forever.”
5This is what the LORD says:
“Cursed is the one who trusts in man,m
who draws strength from mere flesh
and whose heart turns away from the LORD.n
6That person will be like a bush in the wastelands;
they will not see prosperity when it comes.
They will dwell in the parched placeso of the desert,
in a saltp land where no one lives.
7“But blessedq is the one who trustsr in the LORD,
whose confidence is in him.
8They will be like a tree planted by the water
that sends out its roots by the stream.s
It does not fear when heat comes;
its leaves are always green.
It has no worries in a year of droughtt
and never fails to bear fruit.”u
9The heartv is deceitful above all things
and beyond cure.
Who can understand it?
10“I the LORD search the heartw
and examine the mind,x
to rewardy each person according to their conduct,
according to what their deeds deserve.”z
11Like a partridge that hatches eggs it did not lay
are those who gain riches by unjust means.
When their lives are half gone, their riches will desert them,
and in the end they will prove to be fools.a
12A glorious throne,b exalted from the beginning,
is the place of our sanctuary.
13LORD, you are the hopec of Israel;
all who forsaked you will be put to shame.
Those who turn away from you will be written in the duste
because they have forsaken the LORD,
the spring of living water.f
14Heal me, LORD, and I will be healed;g
saveh me and I will be saved,
for you are the one I praise.i
15They keep saying to me,
“Where is the word of the LORD?
Let it now be fulfilled!”j
16I have not run away from being your shepherd;
you know I have not desired the day of despair.
What passes my lipsk is open before you.
17Do not be a terrorl to me;
you are my refugem in the day of disaster.n
18Let my persecutors be put to shame,
but keep me from shame;
let them be terrified,
but keep me from terror.
Bring on them the day of disaster;
destroy them with double destruction.o
Keeping the Sabbath Day Holy
19This is what the LORD said to me: “Go and stand at the Gate of the People, through which the kings of Judah go in and out; stand also at all the other gates of Jerusalem.p 20Say to them, ‘Hear the word of the LORD, you kings of Judah and all people of Judah and everyone living in Jerusalemq who come through these gates.r 21This is what the LORD says: Be careful not to carry a load on the Sabbaths day or bring it through the gates of Jerusalem. 22Do not bring a load out of your houses or do any work on the Sabbath, but keep the Sabbath day holy, as I commanded your ancestors.t 23Yet they did not listen or pay attention;u they were stiff-neckedv and would not listen or respond to discipline.w 24But if you are careful to obey me, declares the LORD, and bring no load through the gates of this city on the Sabbath, but keep the Sabbath day holyx by not doing any work on it, 25then kings who sit on David’s throney will come through the gates of this city with their officials. They and their officials will come riding in chariots and on horses, accompanied by the men of Judah and those living in Jerusalem, and this city will be inhabited forever.z 26People will come from the towns of Judah and the villages around Jerusalem, from the territory of Benjamin and the western foothills, from the hill country and the Negev,a bringing burnt offerings and sacrifices, grain offerings and incense, and bringing thank offerings to the house of the LORD. 27But if you do not obeyb me to keep the Sabbathc day holy by not carrying any load as you come through the gates of Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, then I will kindle an unquenchable fired in the gates of Jerusalem that will consume her fortresses.’ ”e
Jeremiah 18
At the Potter’s House
1This is the word that came to Jeremiah from the LORD: 2“Go down to the potter’s house, and there I will give you my message.” 3So I went down to the potter’s house, and I saw him working at the wheel. 4But the pot he was shaping from the clay was marred in his hands; so the potter formed it into another pot, shaping it as seemed best to him.
5Then the word of the LORD came to me. 6He said, “Can I not do with you, Israel, as this potter does?” declares the LORD. “Like claya in the hand of the potter, so are you in my hand,b Israel. 7If at any time I announce that a nation or kingdom is to be uprooted,c torn down and destroyed, 8and if that nation I warned repents of its evil, then I will relentd and not inflict on it the disastere I had planned. 9And if at another time I announce that a nation or kingdom is to be builtf up and planted, 10and if it does evilg in my sight and does not obey me, then I will reconsiderh the good I had intended to do for it.i
11“Now therefore say to the people of Judah and those living in Jerusalem, ‘This is what the LORD says: Look! I am preparing a disasterj for you and devising a plank against you. So turnl from your evil ways,m each one of you, and reform your ways and your actions.’n 12But they will reply, ‘It’s no use.o We will continue with our own plans; we will all follow the stubbornness of our evil hearts.p’ ”
13Therefore this is what the LORD says:
“Inquire among the nations:
Who has ever heard anything like this?q
A most horribler thing has been done
by Virgins Israel.
14Does the snow of Lebanon
ever vanish from its rocky slopes?
Do its cool waters from distant sources
ever stop flowing?
15Yet my people have forgottent me;
they burn incenseu to worthless idols,v
which made them stumblew in their ways,
in the ancient paths.x
They made them walk in byways,
on roads not built up.y
16Their land will be an object of horrorz
and of lasting scorn;a
all who pass by will be appalledb
and will shake their heads.c
17Like a windd from the east,
I will scatter them before their enemies;
I will show them my back and not my facee
in the day of their disaster.”
18They said, “Come, let’s make plansf against Jeremiah; for the teaching of the law by the priestg will not cease, nor will counsel from the wise,h nor the word from the prophets.i So come, let’s attack him with our tonguesj and pay no attention to anything he says.”
19Listen to me, LORD;
hear what my accusersk are saying!
20Should good be repaid with evil?l
Yet they have dug a pitm for me.
Remember that I stoodn before you
and spoke in their behalfo
to turn your wrath away from them.
21So give their children over to famine;p
hand them over to the power of the sword.q
Let their wives be made childless and widows;r
let their men be put to death,
their young mens slain by the sword in battle.
22Let a cryt be heard from their houses
when you suddenly bring invaders against them,
for they have dug a pitu to capture me
and have hidden snaresv for my feet.
23But you, LORD, know
all their plots to killw me.
Do not forgivex their crimes
or blot out their sins from your sight.
Let them be overthrown before you;
deal with them in the time of your anger.y
Jeremiah 19
1This is what the LORD says: “Go and buy a clay jar from a potter.a Take along some of the eldersb of the people and of the priests 2and go out to the Valley of Ben Hinnom,c near the entrance of the Potsherd Gate. There proclaim the words I tell you, 3and say, ‘Hear the word of the LORD, you kingsd of Judah and people of Jerusalem. This is what the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, says: Listen! I am going to bring a disastere on this place that will make the ears of everyone who hears of it tingle.f 4For they have forsakeng me and made this a place of foreign godsh; they have burned incensei in it to gods that neither they nor their ancestors nor the kings of Judah ever knew, and they have filled this place with the blood of the innocent.j 5They have built the high places of Baal to burn their childrenk in the fire as offerings to Baal—something I did not command or mention, nor did it enter my mind.l 6So beware, the days are coming, declares the LORD, when people will no longer call this place Tophethm or the Valley of Ben Hinnom,n but the Valley of Slaughter.o Photo
7“ ‘In this place I will ruin the plansp of Judah and Jerusalem. I will make them fall by the sword before their enemies,q at the hands of those who want to kill them, and I will give their carcassesr as foods to the birds and the wild animals. 8I will devastate this city and make it an object of horror and scorn;t all who pass by will be appalledu and will scoff because of all its wounds.v 9I will make them eatw the flesh of their sons and daughters, and they will eat one another’s flesh because their enemiesx will press the siege so hard against them to destroy them.’
10“Then break the jary while those who go with you are watching, 11and say to them, ‘This is what the LORD Almighty says: I will smashz this nation and this city just as this potter’s jar is smashed and cannot be repaired. They will burya the dead in Topheth until there is no more room. 12This is what I will do to this place and to those who live here, declares the LORD. I will make this city like Topheth. 13The housesb in Jerusalem and those of the kings of Judah will be defiledc like this place, Topheth—all the houses where they burned incense on the roofsd to all the starry hostse and poured out drink offeringsf to other gods.’ ”
14Jeremiah then returned from Topheth, where the LORD had sent him to prophesy, and stood in the courtg of the LORD’s temple and said to all the people, 15“This is what the LORD Almighty, the God of Israel, says: ‘Listen! I am going to bring on this city and all the villages around it every disasterh I pronounced against them, because they were stiff-neckedi and would not listenj to my words.’ ”
Jeremiah 20
Jeremiah and Pashhur
1When the priest Pashhur son of Immer,a the officialb in charge of the temple of the LORD, heard Jeremiah prophesying these things, 2he had Jeremiah the prophet beatenc and put in the stocksd at the Upper Gate of Benjamine at the LORD’s temple. 3The next day, when Pashhur released him from the stocks, Jeremiah said to him, “The LORD’s namef for you is not Pashhur, but Terror on Every Side.g 4For this is what the LORD says: ‘I will make you a terror to yourself and to all your friends; with your own eyesh you will see them fall by the sword of their enemies. I will givei all Judah into the hands of the king of Babylon, who will carryj them away to Babylon or put them to the sword. 5I will deliver all the wealthk of this city into the hands of their enemies—all its products, all its valuables and all the treasures of the kings of Judah. They will take it awayl as plunder and carry it off to Babylon. 6And you, Pashhur, and all who live in your house will go into exile to Babylon. There you will die and be buried, you and all your friends to whom you have prophesiedm lies.’ ”
Jeremiah’s Complaint
7You deceived,n me, LORD, and I was deceived;
you overpoweredo me and prevailed.
I am ridiculedp all day long;
everyone mocksq me. Article: Does the Lord Really Deceive?
8Whenever I speak, I cry out
proclaiming violence and destruction.r
So the word of the LORD has brought me
insult and reproachs all day long.
9But if I say, “I will not mention his word
or speak anymore in his name,”t
his word is in my heart like a fire,u
a fire shut up in my bones.
I am weary of holding it in;v
indeed, I cannot.
10I hear many whispering,
“Terrorw on every side!
Denouncex him! Let’s denounce him!”
All my friendsy
are waiting for me to slip,z saying,
“Perhaps he will be deceived;
then we will prevaila over him
and take our revengeb on him.”
11But the LORDc is with me like a mighty warrior;
so my persecutorsd will stumble and not prevail.e
They will fail and be thoroughly disgraced;f
their dishonor will never be forgotten.
12LORD Almighty, you who examine the righteous
and probe the heart and mind,g
let me see your vengeanceh on them,
for to you I have committedi my cause.
13Singj to the LORD!
Give praise to the LORD!
He rescuesk the life of the needy
from the hands of the wicked.l
14Cursed be the day I was born!m
May the day my mother bore me not be blessed!
15Cursed be the man who brought my father the news,
who made him very glad, saying,
“A child is born to you—a son!”
16May that man be like the townsn
the LORD overthrew without pity.
May he hear wailingo in the morning,
a battle cry at noon.
17For he did not kill me in the womb,p
with my mother as my grave,
her womb enlarged forever.
18Why did I ever come out of the wombq
to see troubler and sorrow
and to end my days in shame?s
Jeremiah 21
God Rejects Zedekiah’s Request
1The word came to Jeremiah from the LORD when King Zedekiaha sent to him Pashhurb son of Malkijah and the priest Zephaniahc son of Maaseiah. They said: 2“Inquired now of the LORD for us because Nebuchadnezzar,e king of Babylonf is attacking us. Perhaps the LORD will perform wondersg for us as in times past so that he will withdraw from us.”
3But Jeremiah answered them, “Tell Zedekiah, 4‘This is what the LORD, the God of Israel, says: I am about to turnh against you the weapons of war that are in your hands, which you are using to fight the king of Babylon and the Babylonians who are outside the wall besiegingi you. And I will gather them inside this city. 5I myself will fightj against you with an outstretched handk and a mighty arml in furious anger and in great wrath. 6I will strikem down those who live in this city—both man and beast—and they will die of a terrible plague.n 7After that, declares the LORD, I will give Zedekiaho king of Judah, his officials and the people in this city who survive the plague,p sword and famine, into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylonq and to their enemiesr who want to kill them.s He will put them to the sword;t he will show them no mercy or pity or compassion.’u
8“Furthermore, tell the people, ‘This is what the LORD says: See, I am setting before you the way of lifev and the way of death. 9Whoever stays in this city will die by the sword, famine or plague.w But whoever goes out and surrendersx to the Babylonians who are besieging you will live; they will escape with their lives.y 10I have determined to do this city harmz and not good, declares the LORD. It will be given into the handsa of the king of Babylon, and he will destroy it with fire.’b
11“Moreover, say to the royal housec of Judah, ‘Hear the word of the LORD. 12This is what the LORD says to you, house of David:
“ ‘Administer justiced every morning;
rescue from the hand of the oppressore
the one who has been robbed,
or my wrath will break out and burn like firef
because of the evilg you have done—
burn with no one to quenchh it.
13I am againsti you, Jerusalem,
you who live above this valleyj
on the rocky plateau, declares the LORD—
you who say, “Who can come against us?
Who can enter our refuge?”k
14I will punish you as your deedsl deserve,
declares the LORD.
I will kindle a firem in your forestsn
that will consume everything around you.’ ”
2 1:12 The Hebrew for watching sounds like the Hebrew for almond tree.
1 2:10 In the Syro-Arabian desert
2 2:18 Hebrew Shihor; that is, a branch of the Nile
1 6:10 Hebrew uncircumcised
1 7:9 Or and swear by false gods
1 8:13 The meaning of the Hebrew for this sentence is uncertain.
2 8:18 The meaning of the Hebrew for this word is uncertain.
1 In Hebrew texts 9:1 is numbered 8:23, and 9:2-26 is numbered 9:1-25.
2 9:3 Or lies; / they are not valiant for truth
3 9:4 Or a deceiving Jacob
4 9:6 That is, Jeremiah (the Hebrew is singular)
5 9:26 Or wilderness and who clip the hair by their foreheads
1 10:11 The text of this verse is in Aramaic.
1 11:15 Or Could consecrated meat avert your punishment? / Then you would rejoice
1 12:5 Or you feel secure only
2 12:5 Or the flooding of
1 13:4 Or possibly to the Euphrates; similarly in verses 5-7
2 13:23 Hebrew Cushite (probably a person from the upper Nile region)
1 14:14 Or visions, worthless divinations
1 15:14 Some Hebrew manuscripts, Septuagint and Syriac (see also 17:4); most Hebrew manuscripts I will cause your enemies to bring you / into
1 17:2 That is, wooden symbols of the goddess Asherah
2 17:2,3 Or hills / 3and the mountains of the land. / Your
1 18:14 The meaning of the Hebrew for this sentence is uncertain.
1 19:7 The Hebrew for ruin sounds like the Hebrew for jar (see verses 1 and 10).
1 21:2 Hebrew Nebuchadrezzar, of which Nebuchadnezzar is a variant; here and often in Jeremiah and Ezekiel
2 21:4 Or Chaldeans; also in verse 9
1:1–3 The background and setting of Jeremiah’s call are stated concisely but comprehensively.
1:4–19 The account of Jeremiah’s call includes two prophetic visions (vv. 10–16) and some closing words of exhortation and encouragement (vv. 17–19).
1:5 I formed you. See Isa 49:5. God’s creative act (Ge 2:7; Ps 119:73) is the basis of his sovereign right (18:4–6; Isa 43:21) to call Jeremiah into his service. I knew you. In the sense of making Jeremiah the object of his choice (see NIV text note). God’s choices are based on his knowledge and are not arbitrary. The Hebrew verb used here is translated “chosen” in Ge 18:19; Am 3:2. I set you apart. I consecrated you (cf. Jdg 13:5; Isa 49:1; Ro 1:1; Gal 1:15 and note). I appointed you. The Hebrew for this verb is not the same as that in v. 10, but both refer to the commissioning of the prophet. prophet. One who has been called to be God’s spokesperson (see Ex 7:1–2; 1Sa 9:9; Zec 1:1 and notes). nations. Although Judah’s neighbors are probably the primary focus (25:8–38; chs. 46–51), Judah itself is not excluded.
1:6 not know how to speak. Like Moses (see Ex 4:10 and note), Jeremiah claimed inability to be a prophet; God nevertheless made him his “spokesman” (15:19). too young. See 1Ki 3:7. Jeremiah’s objection is denied immediately by the Lord (v. 7).
1:7 Youth and inexperience do not disqualify when God calls (1Ti 4:12); he equips and sustains those he commissions.
1:9 touched my mouth. Either in prophetic vision (see note on v. 11) or figuratively—or both (cf. Isa 6:7). I have put my words in your mouth. Continues the figure of speech begun earlier in the verse and provides a classic description of the relationship between the Lord and his prophet (5:14; Ex 4:15; Nu 22:38; 23:5,12,16; Dt 18:18; Isa 51:16; cf. 2Pe 1:21).
1:10 appoint. See note on v. 5. uproot and tear down . . . destroy and overthrow . . . build and . . . plant. See 12:14–15,17; 18:7–10; 24:6; 31:28; 42:10; 45:4. The first two pairs of verbs are negative, stressing the fact that Jeremiah is to be primarily a prophet of doom, while the last pair is positive, indicating that he is also to be a prophet of restoration—even if only secondarily. The first verb (“uproot”) is the opposite of the last (“plant”), and fully half of the verbs (“tear down,” “destroy,” “overthrow”) are the opposite of “build.”
1:11 What do you see . . . ? Often spoken by the Lord (or his representative) to introduce a prophetic vision (v. 13; Am 7:8; 8:2; Zec 4:2; 5:2).
1:12 watching. See NIV text note. Just as the almond tree (v. 11) blooms first in the year (and therefore “wakes up” early—the Hebrew word for “watching” means to be wakeful), so the Lord is ever watchful to make sure his word is fulfilled (Isa 55:10–11).
1:14 From the north disaster. See note on Isa 41:25. will be poured out. The Hebrew for this word has a sound similar to that for “boiling” in v. 13. land. Judah (v. 15).
1:15 northern kingdoms. Since Assyria posed only a minimal threat to Judah after the death of Ashurbanipal in 627 bc, reference is most likely to Babylonia and its allies. set up their thrones in . . . the gates of Jerusalem. For the fulfillment, see 39:3. Since the gateway of a city was the place where its ruling council sat (see notes on Ge 19:1; Ru 4:1), the Babylonians replaced Judah’s royal authority with their own (cf. 43:10; 49:38). Cf. photo.
1:18 fortified city. A symbol of security and impregnability (5:17; Pr 18:11,19). iron pillar. Unique in the OT, the expression signifies dignity and strength from God. bronze wall. See 15:20. Jeremiah would be able to withstand the abuse and persecution that his divine commission would evoke, even though his enemies themselves would be “bronze and iron” (6:28). kings . . . officials . . . priests . . . people. The whole nation would defy the prophet and his God (see, e.g., 2:26; 23:8; 32:32).
2:1—6:30 It is generally agreed that these chapters are among Jeremiah’s earliest discourses, delivered during the reign of Josiah (3:6). The basic theme is the virtually total apostasy of Judah (chs. 2–5), leading inevitably to divine retribution through foreign invasion (ch. 6).
2:2 devotion. The Hebrew for this word refers to the most intimate degree of loyalty, love and faithfulness that can exist between two people or between an individual and the Lord. youth . . . as a bride. Early in their history, Israel had enjoyed a close relationship with the Lord, who is often described figuratively as Israel’s husband (3:14; 31:32; Isa 54:5; Hos 2:16). you loved me. But later God’s people forsook him and loved “foreign gods” (v. 25), tragically abandoning their first love (cf. Rev 2:4). followed me. But later they followed “worthless idols” (vv. 5,8), “the Baals” (v. 23). wilderness. Sinai (see v. 6).
2:5 This is what the LORD says. The messenger formula, introducing God’s word through the prophet. strayed. See 4:1; 23:13,32; 31:19; 50:6; Isa 53:6; Eze 34:4–6, 16; 1Pe 2:25. followed worthless idols. See vv. 8,23; see also note on v. 2. “Worthless” is Jeremiah’s favorite way of describing idols (8:19; 10:8,15; 14:22; 16:19; 51:18). became worthless themselves. See 2Ki 17:15. Idolaters are no better than the idols they worship (see Ps 115:8 and note). They become like what they worship.
2:6 LORD . . . brought us up out of Egypt. The Lord, Israel’s Redeemer (see notes on Ge 2:4; Ex 3:15), freed his people from Egyptian bondage so that they might serve him alone (Ex 20:2–6). led us. As a shepherd leads his sheep (v. 17; Dt 8:15; Ps 23:2–3). land of deserts . . . land of . . . darkness. The desert often symbolized darkness with its attendant dangers, including death (see v. 31 and note; 9:10; 12:12; 17:6; 23:10; Ps 44:19).
2:7 defiled my land. Made it ceremonially unclean (see 3:1–2,9; 16:18; see also note on Lev 4:12). inheritance. The promised land, given by God to Israel as a legacy and often intimately associated with the people themselves (see especially 12:7–9,14–15). detestable. See note on Lev 7:21.
2:8 No one consulted the Lord (v. 6). priests . . . leaders . . . prophets. See note on 1:18. Those who deal with the law. Priests (see Dt 31:11 and note). leaders. Or “shepherds,” a term used elsewhere to denote rulers (23:1–4; 49:19; 50:44; see especially Eze 34:1–10,23–24). by Baal. In the name of Baal (cf. 11:21; 14:15; 23:25; 26:9; see note on Jdg 2:13). following worthless idols. See v. 23. worthless. See v. 11.
2:11 Has . . . gods? A rhetorical question, clearly expecting a negative answer and emphasizing how incredible is Judah’s practice of substituting idolatry for the worship of the Lord. their glorious God. See Ps 106:20; Hos 4:7; see also 1Sa 15:29. worthless. See note on v. 8.
2:12 Be appalled . . . you heavens. See note on Isa 1:2; see also Mic 6:1–2 and note. The Hebrew for these phrases offers a striking play on words: shommu shamayim.
2:13 See 1:16. forsaken me. See v. 19. me, the spring of living water. See 17:13. God himself provides life-giving power to his people (see Ps 36:9; see also note on Jn 4:10; Isa 55:1 and note; Rev 21:6). broken cisterns. Watertight plaster was used to keep cisterns from losing water. Idols, like broken cisterns, will always fail their worshipers; by contrast, God provides life abundant and unfailing (cf. Jn 10:10 and note).
2:14 Is . . . birth? Another rhetorical question (see note on v. 11), again expecting a negative answer in the light of God’s redemptive acts during the period of the exodus (Ex 6:6; 20:2). plunder. To Assyria and Egypt (vv. 15–16).
2:15 Lions. Probably symbolizing Assyria (see v. 18; 50:17; see also notes on 4:7; Isa 15:9). roared . . . growled. See Am 3:4. laid waste his land. See 4:7; 18:16; 50:3. towns are burned and deserted. The Hebrew for this phrase is very similar to that in 4:7, rendered there “towns will lie in ruins without inhabitant” (cf. 22:6).
2:16 Memphis. See 44:1; 46:14,19; see also note on Isa 19:13. Tahpanhes. Probably the city later called Daphnai by the Greeks, located just south of Lake Menzaleh in the eastern delta region of Egypt and known today as Tell Defneh (see 43:7–9; 44:1; 46:14; Eze 30:18; see also map).
2:18 See v. 36. The tendency of Israel or Judah to seek help alternately from Egypt and Assyria was not restricted to Jeremiah’s time (see, e.g., Isa 30:1–5; Hos 7:11; 12:2). drink water. Provided by enemies, whether national or spiritual, rather than by God (see v. 13; Isa 8:6–8 and notes).
2:19 backsliding. See 3:22; 5:6; 14:7. The word implies repeated apostasy. LORD Almighty. A title for God occurring about 75 times in Jeremiah—more than in any other OT book (see note on 1Sa 1:3).
2:20—3:6 The rebellion of Judah against God is vividly portrayed by Jeremiah with the use of numerous figures of speech.
2:22 soap . . . cleansing powder. Vegetable alkali and mineral alkali, respectively. Sins can be removed and forgiven (Ps 51:2, 7; Isa 1:18), but only when the sinner repents and confesses (see Pr 28:13; cf. 1Jn 1:7,9).
2:23 defiled. Ceremonially unclean (see 19:13; see also note on Lev 4:12). run after. See note on v. 2; see also v. 25. Baals. See 9:14; see also notes on Jdg 2:11,13. the valley. Probably the Hinnom Valley (see note on Jos 15:5), known also as the Valley of Ben Hinnom (7:31–32; 19:2,6; 32:35). running here and there. Instead, the people of Judah should have been obeying the Lord, not turning aside either “to the right or to the left” (Dt 28:14).
2:25 your feet are bare. You wear out your sandals. It’s no use! See 18:12 and note. I love foreign gods. As opposed to the love Judah was expected to express toward God under the terms of their covenant relationship (see, e.g., Dt 6:5; 7:9; Hos 2:16; see also Ex 39:15 and note). go after them. See v. 23; see also note on v. 2.
2:26 disgraced when he is caught. See, e.g., Ex 22:3–4. The Hebrew word underlying “disgraced” (bosheth) is a term often used as a pejorative synonym for the name of Baal, the chief god of Canaan (see 11:13 and note; Hos 9:10; see also note on Jdg 6:32). kings . . . officials . . . priests . . . prophets. See note on 1:18.
2:28 as many gods as . . . towns. See 11:13; cf. 1Co 8:5. Every ancient Near Eastern town of any importance had its own patron deity (cf. Ac 19:28,34–35), and many towns were named after deities (see, e.g., note on 1:1).
2:31 generation. Often has negative connotations (see, e.g., Dt 1:35; 32:5; Mt 12:39; 16:4; 17:17; Ac 2:40; Php 2:15; Heb 3:10). Have I been a desert . . . a land of great darkness? On the contrary, the Lord led his people through the desert and its darkness (v. 6). The phrase “great darkness” translates the Hebrew for “darkness of the LORD” (i.e., darkness sent by the Lord; cf. 1Sa 26:12), just as “mighty flame” in SS 8:6 translates “flame of the LORD” (see note and NIV text note there).
2:33 love. See v. 25 and note.
2:36 disappointed by Egypt . . . by Assyria. See vv. 15–18 and notes. The days of Ahaz (2Ch 28:21), and perhaps the days of Zedekiah (37:7), are in view here.
2:37 with your hands on your head. Ancient reliefs depict captives with wrists tied together above their heads. those you trust. Egypt and Assyria (v. 36). you will not be helped by them. You will be helped only by the Lord.
3:1 If . . . defiled? Cf. Dt 24:1–4. Divorce and remarriage on a widespread scale defile not only the participants but also the land in which they live (cf. v. 2; Lev 18:25–28). lived as a prostitute with many lovers. A metaphor carried forward from ch. 2 and used throughout ch. 3 (see 2:20,25,33 and note on 2:25). many. See note on 2:28. return to me. Repent of your sins against me (vv. 12–14,22; 4:1).
3:2 barren heights. Places where pagan gods were consulted and worshiped (v. 21; 12:12; Nu 23:3). ravished. Cf. Dt 28:30. By the roadside you sat. See Ge 38:14 and note; Pr 7:10,12. like a nomad in the desert. Waiting in ambush to waylay a traveler (cf. Lk 10:30). defiled the land. See v. 9.
3:4 My Father. See v. 19; contrast 2:27 (see note there). Compared to the NT, the title “Father” for God is relatively rare in the OT. However, it often occurs in personal names—compound names that begin with Abi-(e.g., Abinadab and Abiram) refer to God as “(my) Father.” my friend. Claiming intimate association (Ps 55:13; Pr 16:28; 17:9; Mic 7:5); perhaps even claiming to be the Lord’s faithful wife (cf. Pr 2:17). from my youth. See note on 2:2.
3:5 Will your wrath continue forever? Not if God’s people repent (vv. 12–13).
3:6—6:30 The unfaithfulness of Judah (3:6—5:31) will ultimately bring the Babylonians as God’s instrument of judgment (ch. 6).
3:7 her unfaithful sister Judah. The southern kingdom (vv. 8,10–11). Samaria (Israel’s capital) and Jerusalem (Judah’s capital) are similarly compared as adulterous sisters in Eze 23. it. Israel’s adultery.
3:8 certificate of divorce. See v. 1 and note; see also Dt 24:1–4; Isa 50:1 and notes. sent her away. Into exile in 721 bc. Judah had no fear. Judah refused to learn from Israel’s tragic experience.
3:9 committed adultery with stone and wood. Worshiped pagan deities (see notes on 2:27; Ex 34:15).
3:10 in pretense. Judah’s response to Josiah’s reform measures (see note on 1:2) was superficial and hypocritical.
3:12 Go, proclaim. See 2:2. north. Assyria’s northern provinces, to which many Israelites had been exiled. Return. Repent (v. 13). faithful. The Hebrew for this word is used of God elsewhere only in Ps 145:13,17. not be angry forever. See note on v. 5.
3:13 acknowledge your guilt. Cf. 1Jn 1:9. scattered your favors. See Eze 16:15,33–34 and note on 16:33. foreign gods. See note on 2:25. under every spreading tree. See note on 2:20. have not obeyed me. By giving to me your exclusive allegiance and devotion.
3:14 husband. See 31:32; Hos 2:16–17. The Hebrew root underlying this word is ba’al. Instead of allowing God to be Israel’s husband, his people followed “the Baals” (2:23; see note on Jdg 2:11). one . . . two. A remnant will return (see note on Isa 10:20–22). Zion. Jerusalem.
3:16 In those days. The Messianic age (v. 18; 31:29). numbers have increased. See 23:3; Eze 36:11. nor will another one be made. The ark of the covenant, formerly symbolizing God’s royal presence (see 1Sa 4:3 and note), will be irrelevant when the Messiah comes.
3:17 Throne. The Lord sat “enthroned between the cherubim” above the ark (see 1Sa 4:4 and note), but Jerusalem itself would someday be his throne. all nations will gather. See Zec 2:11; see also note on Isa 2:2–4. they. Israel. follow the stubbornness of their evil hearts. A stock phrase referring to Israel’s disobedience and often involving the worship of pagan gods (9:14; 11:8; 13:10; 16:12; 18:12; 23:17).
3:18 Judah will join . . . Israel. In the Messianic age God’s divided people will again be united (see, e.g., 31:31; Isa 11:12; Eze 37:15–23; Hos 1:11; Zec 11:7 and note). northern land. Where they had been exiles (see note on v. 12; see also 31:8). land I gave . . . as an inheritance. See note on 2:7.
3:19 my children. Israel was the Lord’s firstborn (see Ex 4:22; cf. Hos 11:1). pleasant land. See Ps 106:24; Zec 7:14. beautiful inheritance. Judah, Jerusalem, the people themselves—ideally, all were beautiful in God’s eyes (6:2; 11:16). Father. See note on v. 4.
3:21 barren heights. See note on v. 2. weeping and pleading. A description of repentance, verbalized in vv. 22b–25. forgotten. See note on 2:32.
3:22 See v. 14. Return, faithless . . . backsliding. Each of these three words is derived from the same Hebrew root, producing a striking series of wordplays. I will cure you. See 30:17; 33:6; Hos 6:1; 14:4. Yes. The people’s repentance begins.
3:24 our youth. The period of the judges. shameful gods. See notes on 2:26; 11:13. consumed the fruits. False worship is costly, both financially and spiritually. sons and daughters. Often sacrificed to pagan gods (see note on 7:31).
3:25 shame. The Hebrew for this word is translated “shameful gods” in v. 24.
4:2 truthful, just and righteous. The piling up of qualifying words underscores the need for repentance that is sincere and not perfunctory. As surely as the LORD lives. See note on Ge 42:15. nations will invoke blessings by him. Reflects the language of the seventh of God’s great promises to Abram (see Ge 12:2–3 and note). Israel’s repentance is a necessary precondition for the ultimate blessing of the nations.
4:3 Break up your unplowed ground. Probably quoted from Hos 10:12. do not sow among thorns. See Mt 13:7,22. Openness to the Lord’s overtures is necessary, as is total commitment to him (Eze 18:31).
4:5–31 The invaders from the north will bring God’s judgment against his unrepentant people (ch. 6).
4:7 lion. A symbol of Babylonia (see note on 2:15). destroyer. Usually refers to Babylonia (6:26; 15:8; 48:8,32), but in 51:1,56 it refers to Persia and its allies (51:48,53). towns . . . without inhabitant. See note on 2:15; see also v. 25; 46:19.
4:9 In that day. See note on Isa 2:11, 17,20. king . . . officials . . . priests . . . prophets. See note on 1:18.
4:10 you have deceived. Not directly, but through false prophets (see, e.g., 1Ki 22:20–23 and note on 22:23). You will have peace. Here the words of false prophets, not of God (see 14:13; 23:17; see also 6:13–14; 8:10–11). God had said, “If my people . . . will . . . turn from their wicked ways, then I will . . . heal their land” (2Ch 7:14).
4:12 too strong for that. Neither winnowing (separating grain from chaff) nor cleansing (blowing dust from the grain), God’s judgments will sweep away good and bad alike.
4:14 Jerusalem. As the royal city of Judah and the most important metropolis of the nation, Jerusalem is addressed as representative of the nation. wash. See 2:22 and note. wicked thoughts. Against other people (Pr 6:18; Isa 59:7).
4:15 Dan. Far away, close to the northern border of Israel (8:16). Ephraim. A few miles north of Jerusalem. The enemy, in the mind’s eye of the prophet, is making fearfully rapid progress toward the holy city. Cf. Mic 1:10–16 and notes.
4:16 besieging army. See Isa 1:8. distant land. Babylonia. raising a war cry. The Hebrew underlying this phrase is translated “growled” in 2:15.
4:19–26 A brief personal interlude, broken only by the divine complaint in v. 22. Jeremiah voices his agony at the approaching destruction of his beloved land and its people.
4:21 battle standard . . . sound of the trumpet. See notes on vv. 5–6.
4:23–26 The striking repetition of “I looked” at the beginning of each verse ties this poem together and underscores its visionary character, as the prophet sees his beloved land in ruins after the Babylonian onslaught. Creation, as it were, has been reversed.
4:25 there were no people. The Hebrew underlying this phrase occurs elsewhere only in Ge 2:5, where it is translated “there was no one.” Here the work of creation is undone.
4:27 not destroy it completely. See 5:10,18; 30:11; 46:28. God’s mercy tempers the total judgment envisioned by Jeremiah in vv. 23–26. There will be a remnant.
4:28 will not relent. Unless his people repent (see 18:7–10 and note).
4:29 archers. Babylonia’s evil deeds against Judah will someday recoil on them (50:29). Some go. See Jdg 6:2; 1Sa 13:6; Isa 2:19,21. Even people living in fortified towns feel unsafe. deserted. Contrast Isa 62:4.
4:30 you . . . yourself. All the second person pronouns in this verse represent feminine pronouns or verbs in Hebrew, indicating that Jerusalem is being addressed (see v. 14 and note). She is here portrayed as an adulterous wife trying to allure her lovers. makeup. Antimony, a black powder used to highlight the eyes and make them more attractive (2Ki 9:30; Eze 23:40). lovers. The Hebrew root underlying this word is found elsewhere only in Eze 23:5, 7,9,12,16,20, where it is used of Samaria and Jerusalem, the adulterous sisters (see notes on Jer 2:25; 3:1,7) who “lusted” after foreign nations and their gods. want to kill you. They are intent only on murdering you (v. 31).
5:1–31 Jeremiah resumes his vivid description of the wickedness of the people of Judah and Jerusalem.
5:3 refused correction. See 2:30. made their faces harder than stone. A striking portrayal of rebellion (Eze 3:7–9).
5:4 poor. Concerned about basic physical needs (cf. 39:10; 40:7), they are uninformed of God’s word and way. foolish. See 4:22; see also Nu 12:11 and NIV text note on Pr 1:7. do not know . . . requirements of their God. They are more ignorant than the birds of the heavens (8:7).
5:5 leaders. Although possessing every advantage, they were no more righteous than the poorest of the common people. broken . . . bonds. See note on 2:20.
5:6 lion . . . wolf . . . leopard. These animals represent nations (see 4:7; Da 7:3–7). lie in wait. The Hebrew for this phrase is translated “watching” in 1:12. backslidings. See 2:19; 3:22; 14:7. The word implies repeated apostasy.
5:7 Why should I forgive you? See v. 1. Your children. Jerusalem is depicted as the “mother” city of the nation. gods that are not gods. Idols (2:11). I supplied . . . yet they. See Dt 32:15–16; Hos 2:8. committed adultery. See 2:25 and note.
5:9 Should I not punish . . . such a nation as this? Repeated in v. 29; 9:9.
5:10 Go. Addressed to Israel’s enemies (v. 15). vineyards. Vines and vineyards are often symbolic of Israel (see notes on 2:21; Isa 5:1). not destroy them completely. See v. 18; see also note on 4:27. Strip off her branches. See Isa 18:5; Jn 15:2,6. these people do not belong to the LORD. See Hos 1:9. these people. See note on Ex 17:4.
5:12 He will do nothing! Either good or bad (Zep 1:12). sword or famine. Jeremiah introduces us to the first two elements of his characteristic triad: “sword, famine and plague” (see note on 14:12).
5:13 prophets are but wind. Like images of false gods (Isa 41:29). let what they say be done to them. See note on 4:29; see also Ps 7:16; 54:5.
5:14 my words in your mouth a fire. In contrast to the total lack of God’s word in the mouths of false prophets (v. 13). See 20:9 and note. consumes. See note on Isa 1:31.
5:15 distant nation. See note on 4:16. ancient and enduring nation. Babylonia’s history reached back 2,000 years and more. whose language you do not know. See Dt 28:49 and note.
5:17 devour your sons and daughters. Either as sacrifices to pagan gods (see note on 3:24) or as casualties of war (10:25). fortified cities in which you trust. See note on 4:5; see also Dt 28:52.
5:23 Though the sea never crosses its divinely appointed boundaries, God’s people have violated the covenant stipulations he has set for them.
5:24 God, who gives. See v. 7 and note. autumn and spring rains. See 3:3; see also note on Dt 11:14. regular weeks of harvest. Perhaps the seven weeks between Passover and the Festival of Weeks (see Lev 23:15–16).
5:27 cages. Traps woven of wicker; the Hebrew for this word is translated “basket” in Am 8:1–2. deceit. Riches gained through extortion and deception (Hab 2:6).
5:28 grown fat and sleek. Symbolic of prosperity (see Dt 32:15; Jas 5:5 and note). evil deeds have no limit. See Ps 73:7. They do not promote the case. What the wicked will not do, God must do (Dt 10:18)—and so must those who truly know and serve him (22:16; Jas 1:27).
6:1–30 The prophet envisions the future Babylonian attack on Jerusalem.
6:2 Daughter Zion. A personification of Jerusalem (see note on 2Ki 19:21). delicate. Used to describe the city of Babylon in Isa 47:1.
6:3 See 1:15. Shepherds with their flocks. Rulers (see note on 2:8) with their troops. pitch. The Hebrew for this verb continues the pun on “Tekoa” in v. 1 (see note on v. 8). each . . . his own portion. The Hebrew for this phrase is used similarly (“each . . . their own place”) in Nu 2:17. tending. Grazing or depasturing, and thus destroying.
6:4 The invaders speak in vv. 4–5. Prepare for. The Hebrew for this word can also be translated “Consecrate” (also in Joel 3:9; Mic 3:5). Since ancient battles had religious connotations, soldiers had to prepare themselves ritually, as well as militarily (see Dt 20:2–4; 1Sa 21:4 and note). at noon. To take advantage of the element of surprise, since the usual time of attack was early in the morning (see, e.g., Jos 8:10,14).
6:5 at night. Since attacking soldiers normally retired for the night and resumed siege the following morning, the phrase underscores their eagerness and determination (see Jdg 7:19 and note).
6:6 The Lord addresses the Babylonian troops. siege ramps. To help them bring up battering rams and scale Jerusalem’s walls (33:4). oppression. Against its own people (see note on Isa 30:12).
6:7 sickness and wounds. Jerusalem suffers from spiritual decay and disease (v. 14) and is not aware of it.
6:8 Take warning. The better part of wisdom (v. 10; Ps 2:10). turn away. In sorrow, but also in disgust. The Hebrew for this phrase continues the pun on “Tekoa” in v. 1 (see note on v. 3). desolate so no one can live in it. See 22:6.
6:10 Jeremiah speaks. give warning. See note on v. 8. ears are closed. See NIV text note; see also 4:4 and note. The imagery of uncircumcised ears is found elsewhere only in Ac 7:51 (see note there).
6:11 The prophet speaks, then the Lord resumes his speech (through v. 23). full of the wrath. See 25:15 and note. children . . . young men . . . husband and wife . . . old. All will be judged, from youngest to oldest (v. 13). in the street. Where children play (9:21; Zec 8:5).
6:14 wound. See note on v. 7. Peace . . . when there is no peace. A common message of false and greedy prophets (Eze 13:10; Mic 3:5). The wicked, in any case, cannot expect to enjoy peace (Isa 48:22; 57:21).
6:15 no shame. They had become anesthetized to sin and immorality. brought down when I punish them. With the destruction of their city and the temple, and with the Babylonian exile.
6:17 watchmen. True prophets (see Eze 3:17 and note; Hab 2:1). sound of the trumpet. To warn of approaching danger (see v. 1; see also note on Joel 2:1).
6:19 rejected my law. Disobeyed the law of Moses (8:8–9).
6:20 Sheba. Located in southwestern Arabia, it was the center of the spice trade (see Isa 60:6 and note). calamus. See Ex 25:6; SS 4:14; Isa 43:24 and notes. It probably came from India and was an ingredient in the sacred anointing oil (Ex 30:25). burnt offerings are not acceptable. The attitude of one’s heart and the manner of one’s life are far more important than the ritual of sacrifice (see note on Isa 1:11–15).
6:21 obstacles. The Babylonian invaders (v. 22).
6:24–26 The prophet speaks to, and on behalf of, the people of Judah.
6:28 going about to slander. Contrary to Lev 19:16. bronze and iron. Base metals when compared to gold and silver. act corruptly. See Dt 31:29; Isa 1:4.
6:29 In ancient times, lead was added to silver ore in the refining process. When the crucible was heated, the lead oxidized and acted as a flux to remove the alloys. Here the process fails because the ore is not pure enough (cf. Eze 24:11–13).
6:30 They are . . . rejected. The “hardened rebels” (v. 28), the “wicked” (v. 29), have failed to pass the Lord’s test. Nothing worthwhile can be made of them.
7:1—10:25 A series of temple messages delivered by Jeremiah, perhaps over a period of several years. Since 26:2–6,12–15 is very similar in content to ch. 7, it is possible that chs. 7–10 (or at least ch. 7) date to the reign of Jehoiakim (26:1). On the other hand, Jeremiah may have repeated various themes on several occasions during his lengthy ministry. In any event, nothing in chs. 7–10 is inappropriate to the time of King Josiah.
7:2 gate. In the wall between the inner and outer courts of the temple, perhaps the so-called New Gate (26:10; 36:10). Hear. See note on 2:4. all you people . . . who come . . . to worship. Perhaps during one of the three annual pilgrimage festivals (see Dt 16:16 and note). gates. Leading into the outer court.
7:3 this place. Used almost 30 times in Jeremiah to designate the land God had given them (see, e.g., v. 7; 14:13,15; 24:5–6).
7:4 deceptive words. Spoken by false prophets. The idea that God would not destroy Jerusalem simply because his dwelling, the temple, was located there was a delusion, fostered in part by the miraculous deliverance of the city during the reign of Hezekiah (see 2Ki 19:32–36; cf. 2Sa 7:11b–13; Ps 132:13–14). In the light of Judah’s sinful rebellion against the Lord, such an idea was “worthless” (v. 8; see Mic 3:11). This is. Referring to the buildings that constituted the entire temple complex. temple . . . temple . . . temple. A misplaced trust in the security of the temple (cf. Mt 6:7). Often such a threefold repeating of a word or phrase is for emphasis (see 22:29; see also note on Isa 6:3).
7:7 land . . . for ever and ever. See Ge 17:8 and note.
7:8 deceptive words. See note on v. 4.
7:9 This one verse mentions the violation of fully half of the Ten Commandments (cf. Hos 4:2 and note). burn incense to Baal. See note on 1:16. follow other gods you have not known. See 19:4. Tragically, such sins would be the cause of their exile to lands they had not known (9:14,16; 16:11,13).
7:11 Together with the last half of Isa 56:7, part of this verse is quoted by Jesus in Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17; Lk 19:46. den of robbers. As thieves hide in caves and think they are safe, so the people of Judah falsely trust in the temple to protect them in spite of their sins.
7:12 See note on 7:1—8:3. place in Shiloh . . . see what I did to it. See v. 14; 26:6,9; Ps 78:60–61. The tabernacle had been set up in Shiloh after the conquest of Canaan (Jos 18:1) and was still there at the end of the period of the judges (1Sa 1:9). Modern Seilun, near a main highway about 18 miles north of Jerusalem, preserves the name of the ancient site. Archaeological excavations there indicate that it was destroyed by the Philistines c. 1050 bc. The tabernacle itself was not included in that destruction, since it was still in existence at Gibeon during David’s reign (1Ch 21:29). One or more auxiliary buildings had apparently been erected at Shiloh near the tabernacle in connection with various aspects of public worship there (cf. the reference to the “doors of the house of the LORD” in 1Sa 3:15; see note on 1Sa 1:9). Such structures would have been destroyed with the city itself, perhaps sometime after the events of 1Sa 4. See photo. God will even destroy his sanctuary when necessary in order to discipline his unfaithful, covenant-breaking people.
7:15 thrust you from my presence. Into exile (Dt 29:28). just as I did all your fellow Israelites. God sent Israel, the northern kingdom, into captivity in 721 bc (2Ki 17:20). Ephraim. Another name for Israel (see, e.g., 31:9)—and, ironically, the tribal territory in which Shiloh was located.
7:18 children . . . fathers . . . women. Entire families participate in idolatrous worship. cakes. See 44:19. Queen of Heaven. A Babylonian title for Ishtar, an important goddess in the Babylonian pantheon (44:17–19,25). drink offerings to other gods. And sometimes to the Queen of Heaven herself (44:19,25). arouse my anger. See Dt 31:29.
7:21 Because of your sinful deeds your sacrifices are worthless, so you might as well eat them yourselves.
7:22–23 Sacrifices are valid only when accompanied by sincere repentance and joyful obedience (see 6:20; Isa 1:11–15 and notes).
7:23 your God . . . my people. The most basic summary of the relationship between God and Israel implied in the covenant at Sinai (see 31:33; Ex 6:7; Lev 26:12; Zec 8:8 and notes; Dt 26:17–18). Walk in obedience to all I command you. See 6:16 and note.
7:24 followed . . . evil hearts. See note on 3:17; see also Ge 6:5 and note.
7:25 again and again. See note on v. 13. my servants the prophets. See 25:4; 26:5; 29:19; 35:15; 44:4; see also Zec 1:6 and note. God had promised that Moses would be the first in a long line of prophets who would speak in the Lord’s name and serve him faithfully (see Dt 18:15–22 and notes), a promise fulfilled in Christ (see Ac 3:22,26 and note).
7:28 not . . . responded to correction. See 2:30; 5:3. Truth . . . has vanished from their lips. No one seeks the truth (see 5:1 and note).
7:29 Addressed to Jerusalem. Cut off your hair. A sign of mourning (Job 1:20; Mic 1:16). lament on the barren heights. See 3:21; see also note on 3:2.
7:30 set up their . . . idols in the house. Manasseh had put a carved Asherah pole (see NIV text note on 2Ki 13:6) in the temple (2Ki 21:7). Jeremiah’s contemporary, the good King Josiah, removed the pole and other accessories to idol worship (2Ki 23:4–7). But less than 20 years after Josiah’s death, Ezekiel reported that there were numerous idols in the temple courts (Eze 8:3, 5–6,10,12). defiled it. See note on 2:7.
7:31 high places. Pagan shrines, usually (but not here) located on natural heights (1Sa 9:13–14; 10:5; 1Ki 11:7). Topheth. See v. 32; 19:6,11–14; see also note on Isa 30:33. The word is of Aramaic origin and means “fireplace,” though in cultures outside Israel it was used as a common noun meaning “place of child sacrifice.” Its vowel pattern was perhaps intentionally conformed to that of Hebrew bosheth, “shameful thing” (see note on Jdg 6:32), often used in connection with idol worship (see notes on 2:26; 3:25). The OT Topheth had a fire pit (Isa 30:33), into which the hapless children were apparently thrown. Valley of Ben Hinnom. See v. 32; 19:2,6; 32:35; see also note on Jos 15:5. It was used as a place for sacrificing children to pagan gods and in later times as a trash dump. The abbreviated Hebrew name ge’ hinnom (“Valley of Hinnom”; see Ne 11:30 and note) became “Gehenna” (Greek geenna), commonly translated in the NT as “hell,” the place of eternal, fiery punishment (see Mt 5:22 and note; 18:9; Mk 9:47–48). burn their sons and daughters in the fire. To the Ammonite god, Molek. This was a horrible ritual, prohibited in the law of Moses (see Lev 18:21 and note; Dt 18:10) but practiced by Ahaz (2Ki 16:2–3) and Manasseh (2Ki 21:1,6). Josiah tried to end it (2Ki 23:10). nor did it enter my mind. Stresses how terribly evil such an act is to God (19:5; 32:35).
7:32 So beware . . . Valley of Slaughter. Repeated almost verbatim in 19:6. Their place of sacrifice would become their cemetery when the people of Judah were slaughtered by the Babylonian invaders.
7:33 The punishment announced here is one of the curses for covenant disobedience (Dt 28:26). food for the birds . . . wild animals. See 16:4; 19:7; see also 34:20, where the same judgment is the result of violating God’s covenant (34:18–19). To remain unburied was an unspeakable abomination in ancient times (cf. 22:19 and note).
8:1 bones . . . removed from their graves. A gross indignity and sacrilege (see 2Ki 23:16, 18; Am 2:1 and note). kings . . . officials . . . priests . . . prophets. See 2:26; see also note on 1:18.
8:2 exposed to the sun . . . moon . . . stars. To hasten their disintegration, and perhaps also to demonstrate that the heavenly bodies, which had been worshiped by some of Judah’s kings (2Ki 21:3, 5; 23:11), among others, were powerless to help. loved and served and . . . followed and consulted and worshiped. Acts of homage and adoration that should have been given to God alone. They. The bones. not be gathered up or buried. Contrast 2Sa 21:13–14. dung. See 9:22; 16:4; 25:33.
8:3 survivors. See note on 6:9.
8:4—9:26 In contrast to 7:1—8:3, this section is almost completely in poetic form. Jeremiah resumes his extended commentary on the inevitability of divine judgment against sinners.
8:5 The general truths stated in v. 4 are routinely and perversely violated by the people of Jerusalem. turned away . . . turn away . . . return. Continuing the wordplay of v. 4.
8:6 I. The Lord. pursues. The Hebrew for this word continues the wordplay of vv. 4–5. their own course. The essence of sin (see Isa 53:6 and note, 56:11; Ro 3:12).
8:7 See Isa 1:3. Although migratory birds obey their God-given instincts, God’s rebellious people refuse to obey his laws. swift. Of similar build and habit as the swallow but not related to it (see 38:14, where it is also linked with the thrush). do not know . . . requirements of the LORD. See note on 5:4.
8:8–9 law of the LORD . . . word of the LORD. Misinterpreting and manipulating the first (the written law of Moses) leads to rejection of the second (God’s truth as found in the law and proclaimed by his servants the prophets).
8:11 my people. Or “the daughter of my people” (also in v. 21; see Isa 22:4 and note).
8:13—9:24 This section is read aloud in synagogues every year on the ninth of Av (see chart), the day the temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 bc and again by the Romans in ad 70.
8:14–16 On behalf of the people the prophet speaks, envisioning the Babylonian invasion.
8:15 Repeated almost verbatim in 14:19. peace. Under the circumstances, a false hope (see notes on 4:10; 6:14). healing. See note on 6:7.
8:16 the enemy’s horses. See note on 4:13. Dan. Close to the northern border of Israel. It would be the first to feel the effects of the Babylonian invasion.
8:17 vipers that cannot be charmed. Such are the wicked always (Ps 58:4–5).
8:19 The prophet speaks in the first part of the verse, the Lord in the last part. my people from a land far away. Judah in Babylonian exile (Ps 137:1–4) as Jeremiah envisions the future. Is the LORD not in Zion? Cf. Mic 3:11. The people are perplexed at their fate, still wondering how God could have permitted the destruction of his land and temple (see note on 7:4). King. God (see Isa 33:22 and note). aroused my anger. See 7:18; Dt 31:29. worthless . . . idols. See note on 2:5.
8:20 The people speak from the hopelessness of their exile. we are not saved. We have been captured by the enemy.
8:21 Jeremiah identifies himself with his exiled people. grips me. See 6:24.
8:22 balm in Gilead. See 46:11; cf. 51:8. The territory of Gilead was an important source of spices and medicinal herbs (see Ge 37:25 and note). no healing for the wound. Contrast 30:17.
9:1–2 The prophet’s frustration is highlighted as he speaks of his people with tender sympathy in v. 1 and with indignant disgust in v. 2.
9:2 The prophet wants to get as far away as possible from the unfaithful in Judah (cf. Ps 55:6–8). adulterers . . . unfaithful people. See v. 14; see also Ex 34:15 and note. crowd. The Hebrew for this word is always used elsewhere in the OT in the sense of a solemn religious assembly (see, e.g., Dt 16:8), sometimes perverted by the worshipers and therefore falling under divine judgment (Isa 1:13; Am 5:21).
9:6 refuse to acknowledge me. They went from bad to worse (v. 3 says simply “do not acknowledge me”).
9:7 refine and test. See 6:27–30 and notes. The Lord will test his people “in the furnace of affliction” (Isa 48:10; see note there).
9:8 tongue . . . speaks deceitfully. See v. 3 and note. With their mouths . . . but in their hearts. See Ps 55:21. cordially. The Hebrew for this word is translated “peace” in 6:14 (see note there).
9:10 The prophet speaks. See 4:23–26 and notes. weep and wail. See v. 18; see also note on v. 1. wilderness grasslands. Good for poor grazing at best (see 1Sa 17:28; cf. Ex 3:1). desolate. Or “burned” (as in 2:15); here parched by the blazing sun. untraveled. See v. 12; Eze 33:28.
9:12 The prophet asks a series of questions. Who is wise . . . ? See Hos 14:9.
9:13 The Lord answers the prophet and then continues to speak through v. 16. law, which I set before them. In the days of Moses (Dt 4:8).
9:14 stubbornness. See note on 3:17. Baals. See 2:23 and note.
9:15 eat bitter food and drink poisoned water. Repeated in 23:15; see note on 8:14. Centuries earlier, Moses had warned the Israelites concerning just such a fate (Dt 29:18).
9:16 I will scatter them. See 13:24; 18:17; 30:11; 46:28. This warning was given in Dt 28:64 as one of the curses for persistent covenant unfaithfulness. pursue them with the sword. See 42:16. made an end of them. But not to the last person (see note on 4:27; see especially 44:27–28). There is always a remnant.
9:18 wail. See v. 10. eyes overflow with tears. See v. 1.
9:21 Death. Personified here (as in Hab 2:5). Canaanite mythology included a deity named Mot (a word related to the Hebrew word for “death”), the god of infertility and the netherworld. climbed in through our windows. Said of an army of “locusts” in Joel 2:9 (see note there). children . . . young men. See 6:11.
9:22 Dead bodies. See 7:33 and note. like dung. See note on 8:2. reaper. The concept of death as the “grim reaper” comes largely from this verse.
9:23 Let not . . . the rich boast of their riches. An almost exact parallel occurs in the Aramaic Words of Ahiqar, written about a century after Jeremiah’s time: “Let not the rich say, ‘In my riches I am glorious.’ “
9:24 1Co 1:31 summarizes: “Let the one who boasts boast in the Lord.” this . . . these. Ultimately, only God and our knowledge of and love for him are worthwhile. have the understanding to know me. See 3:15; see also note on 4:22. I am the LORD. Ex 6:2–8, a key passage on the doctrine of redemption, begins and ends with this statement of divine self-disclosure. kindness. The Hebrew for this word is translated “devotion” in 2:2 (see note there). in these I delight. See Ps 11:7; 33:5; 99:4; 103:6; Mic 6:8; 7:18.
9:26 who live . . . in distant places. Arab tribes (25:23; 49:32), later to be attacked by the Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar (49:28–33). With the NIV text note here, contrast Lev 19:27. uncircumcised in heart. See 4:4 and note; Dt 10:16.
10:1–25 Jeremiah concludes his series of temple messages with a poetic section that focuses primarily on the vast difference between idols and the Lord (vv. 2–16). Idols and their worshipers are condemned in vv. 2–5,8–9,11,14–15, while the one true God is praised in the alternate passages (vv. 6–7,10,12–13,16). See Isa 40:18–20 and note; 41:7; 44:9–20; 46:5–7.
10:2 Do not . . . be terrified. See 1:17. ways. Refers to the religious practices of the nations. The early Christians often called their distinctive beliefs and lifestyle the “Way” (Ac 9:2; 19:9,23; 22:4; 24:14,22). signs in the heavens. The heavenly bodies were created by the Lord for purposes other than idolatrous worship (see Ge 1:14–18 and notes). nations are terrified. Not only by the heavenly bodies themselves but also by unusual phenomena associated with them (such as comets, meteors and eclipses).
10:5 The impotence of idols is described in classic form in Ps 115:4–7; 135:15–18; Isa 44:9–20. scarecrow. Verse 70 in the Apocryphal Letter of Jeremiah uses the same imagery. cucumber field. See Isa 1:8. must be carried. Usually on the backs of animals. See Isa 46:1. harm nor . . . good. Idols can do nothing at all (see Isa 41:22–24). See photo.
10:8 senseless and foolish. See vv. 14,21; 5:21; see also NIV text note on Pr 1:7. taught by . . . idols. Instead of by the Lord (see Dt 11:2; Job 5:17; Pr 3:11, where the Hebrew word for “taught by” is translated “discipline”).
10:9 silver . . . from Tarshish. See Eze 27:12; see also note on Isa 23:6. Uphaz. Mentioned only here. craftsman and goldsmith. See Isa 40:19 and note. dressed in blue and purple. To make it look regal. all. The idols.
10:11 See NIV text note. The other major Aramaic passages in the OT are Ezr 4:8—6:18; 7:12–26; Da 2:4—7:28. them. Pagan idolaters, who would have been more likely to understand Aramaic (the language of diplomacy during this period) than Hebrew.
10:14 senseless. See vv. 8,21; see also note on 4:22. images. Cast in metal; the Hebrew for this word is translated “metal god” in Isa 48:5 and “metal images” in Da 11:8. no breath. See Ps 135:17.
10:15 worthless. See note on v. 3.
10:17–22 Destruction and exile are imminent.
10:18 hurl out. As from a sling.
10:19–20 On behalf of his people, the prophet bemoans their fate and his own (4:19–21).
10:20 My children. The people of Judah and Jerusalem (Jeremiah never married or had children; see 16:2). shelter. See note on 4:20.
10:21 shepherds . . . flock. Rulers and people (see note on 2:8). senseless. See vv. 8,14; see also note on 4:22. do not inquire of the LORD. Instead, they consult the heavenly bodies (8:2). scattered. See note on 9:16.
10:22 great commotion. The sound of the invaders (6:23; 8:16). land of the north. Babylonia (see 1:15 and note; 4:6; 6:22; see also note on Isa 41:25). haunt of jackals. See 9:11 and note.
10:23–25 On the people’s behalf, the prophet prays for divine justice.
10:25 Repeated almost verbatim in Ps 79:6–7, where the context (Ps 79:1–5) shows that the prayer is not vengeful but is an appeal for God’s justice (see note on Ps 5:10). The verse is recited annually by Jews during their Passover service.
11:1—13:27 Because of Judah’s violations of its covenant obligations, the people will be exiled to Babylonia. The section is perhaps to be dated to the reign of Josiah (but see note on 13:18).
11:2 Listen. See note on 2:4. terms. Covenant stipulations (see vv. 3–4,6; 34:18; see also note on Ex 20:1). this covenant. See vv. 3,6,8,10; Dt 29:9. Reference is to the covenant established by God with Israel through Moses at Mount Sinai (v. 4; Ex 19–24). tell them. Periodic public reading of covenants was a common and necessary practice (Dt 31:10–13; Jos 8:34–35).
11:3 ‘Cursed is.’ The same Hebrew for this clause appears at the beginning of every covenant curse in Dt 27:15–26, and the people respond to each of the curses with their “Amen.” Blessings resulted from obedience to the covenant (Dt 28:1–14); curses resulted from disobedience (see Dt 28:15–68; see also Dt 11:26–28; 29:20–21).
11:4 out of Egypt . . . the iron-smelting furnace. See note on Dt 4:20. Obey me. See v. 7; 7:23; Ex 19:5. my people . . . your God. See note on 7:23.
11:8 See 7:24. stubbornness of their evil hearts. See note on 3:17. So I brought on them. See 2Ki 17:18–23. curses of the covenant. See note on v. 3.
11:10 refused. Their sin was deliberate (see note on 9:6). the covenant I made. Emphasizing its origin in God himself.
11:11 I will bring on them. Judah will be judged, just as Israel had been judged earlier (see v. 10; see also 2Ki 17:18–23).
11:16 called you . . . olive tree. See Ps 52:8; 128:3. storm. The Hebrew for this word, which here evokes the sound of an army, appears elsewhere only in Eze 1:24 (translated “tumult”), where it also refers to the noise made by an army (Isa 13:4). branches will be broken. See Eze 31:12.
11:21 people of Anathoth who are threatening to kill you. See 12:6. “A man’s enemies are the members of his own household” (Mic 7:6, quoted by Jesus in Mt 10:36).
11:23 remnant. See 6:9; Isa 10:20–22 and notes. them. The conspirators in Anathoth, not its entire population, since 128 men of Anathoth returned to their hometown after the exile (Ezr 2:23).
12:2 You have planted them. But a sovereign God can always reconsider his intentions if conditions warrant a change (18:9–10). bear fruit. The wicked flourish, while Jeremiah’s fellow citizens plot to destroy his own “fruit” (11:19). on their lips . . . far from their hearts. Quoted in part by Jesus in Mt 15:8–9.
12:3 test my thoughts. See 11:20. like sheep to be butchered. Jeremiah asks that his wicked nation will receive the fate mentioned for himself in 11:19. His request arises not so much out of a desire for revenge as for the vindication of God’s righteousness—for God to right the wrong (see note on 10:25). day of slaughter. An expression found elsewhere only in Jas 5:5 (see note there).
12:4 parched . . . withered. See 23:10; see also 3:3; 14:1 and note. Apparently there was a series of droughts in Judah during Jeremiah’s ministry. He will not see. The prophet’s enemies do not believe that his predictions will be fulfilled. Or they believe that if they are, Jeremiah will not live to see their fulfillment.
12:5 The Lord warns Jeremiah that in the future his troubles will increase (see, e.g., 38:4–6). stumble. Or “trust” (see NIV text note), but “stumble” fits better the context of running. thickets. Providing cover for lions (49:19; 50:44; Zec 11:3). If the Hebrew here refers to the “flooding” (see NIV text note) of the Jordan River, see Jos 3:15.
12:6 family. Apparently, members of Jeremiah’s own family were included in the “people of Anathoth” (11:21,23) who wanted to kill him.
12:7–17 The Lord will judge Judah (vv. 7–13) as well as the wicked neighboring nations (vv. 14–17).
12:8 I hate her. I will withdraw my love from her by giving her “into the hands of her enemies” (v. 7; see Mal 1:3 and note).
12:9 other birds of prey . . . wild beasts. A figurative reference to Judah’s enemies (see Isa 56:9 and note).
12:10 shepherds. Rulers (see note on 2:8). my vineyard. Judah (see 2:21 and note). pleasant field. See 3:19 and note.
12:11 parched. See v. 4 and note. A total of seven s-sounds and seven m-sounds in the Hebrew of this brief verse punctuates its theme and provides a striking example of Jeremiah’s literary gifts (see Introduction: Literary Features).
12:12 barren heights. Places of idolatrous worship (3:2; Nu 23:3). destroyers. The Babylonians (see note on 4:7). sword of the LORD. Symbolizing God’s instruments of judgment (see 25:29; 47:6 and note on Ps 7:12–13). from one end . . . to the other. See 25:33. no one will be safe. See 6:14 and note.
12:14–16 A glorious promise to repentant nations—Israel’s neighbors.
12:15 The exiles from Judah, and those from the neighboring nations, will eventually be brought back to their respective lands (v. 16; 32:37,44; 33:26; 48:47; 49:6).
12:16 To be fulfilled in the Messianic age (see Isa 56:6–7 and note on 56:7). ways. See note on 10:2. Baal. See note on Jdg 2:13. be established. The Hebrew for this phrase is translated “prosper” in Mal 3:15.
13:3 Then. Not immediately, but some time later.
13:4 Perath. Perhaps the same as Parah (Jos 18:23), near the modern Wadi Farah, three miles northeast of Anathoth. Since in other contexts the Hebrew for Perath refers to the river Euphrates (see NIV text note), it serves as an appropriate symbol of the corrupting Assyrian and Babylonian influence on Judah that began during the reign of Ahaz (2Ki 16). crevice in the rocks. See note on 16:16.
13:6 Many days later. Perhaps a reference to the lengthy Babylonian exile.
13:7 dug up. The belt had either been buried by the prophet or silted over by the water of the wadi. it was ruined. As foreseen in Lev 26:39, God’s people in exile would waste away because of their sins and the sins of their ancestors.
13:9 pride . . . great pride. Contrast 9:23–24. Judah’s vaunted pride would be a cause of their downfall and exile (vv. 15,17), as foreshadowed in Lev 26:19.
13:10 refuse to listen. See note on 9:6. stubbornness of their hearts. See note on 3:17. completely useless. See 24:8.
13:11 But they have not listened. And therefore the promise of Dt 26:19 can no longer be fulfilled in them.
13:12–14 The Lord uses the imagery of filled wineskins to point toward the eventual destruction of Judah’s leaders and people.
13:14 smash them one against the other. The various factions in Judah produced only confusion and chaos in the face of determined outside enemies. no pity or mercy or compassion. See 21:7; see also Eze 5:11.
13:15–17 Sinful pride carries the seeds of its own destruction, says the prophet.
13:17 I will weep. See note on 9:1. pride. See v. 15; see also note on v. 9. flock. People (see v. 20; Zec 10:3; see also note on 10:21). taken captive. Into exile (v. 19).
13:18–19 The prophet speaks: Exile is imminent.
13:19 Negev. The dry southland (see note on Ge 12:9). shut up. Blocked by debris (Isa 24:10). All Judah. The nation as a whole. carried completely away. Cf. Am 1:6,9 (“whole communities”).
13:20–27 First the prophet speaks (vv. 20–23), then the Lord (vv. 24–27). Judah’s willful rebellion has made exile inevitable.
13:23 Can . . . spots? A rhetorical question, expecting a negative answer (17:9).
13:24 like chaff driven. The fate of the wicked (see, e.g., Ps 1:4). desert wind. See note on 4:11.
13:27 adulteries and lustful neighings. See note on 5:8. shameless prostitution. See Eze 16:26; see also Ex 34:15 and note. How long . . . ? There is yet hope, however slender, to postpone the divine wrath (cf., e.g., 12:14–16).
14:1—15:21 Messages delivered by Jeremiah during an especially severe drought, the date of which is unknown.
14:3 nobles. A drought is no respecter of class distinctions. cover their heads. In mourning (see v. 4; 2Sa 15:30; cf. 2Sa 19:4).
14:4 because there is no rain. See Dt 28:23–24; 1Ki 17:7. Unlike Egypt, where the mighty Nile waters the ground, the Holy Land depends on adequate rainfall.
14:7–9 The prophet prays on behalf of the people (v. 11).
14:9 You are among us. Probably referring to the ark of the covenant, representing the Lord’s throne among his people. we bear your name. We belong to you, our ever-present Savior (see note on 7:10).
14:12 not accept them. See v. 10. Sacrifice is to no avail when unaccompanied by repentance (see note on 6:20). sword, famine and plague. Curses for violating God’s covenant (Lev 26:25–26); the first occurrence of this triad, which occurs 15 times in Jeremiah (see Introduction: Literary Features; see also Eze 5:16–17 and note).
14:13 Jeremiah reminds the Lord of what the false prophets are saying. not . . . sword or . . . famine. See 5:12. lasting peace. Jeremiah’s elaboration of the false prophets’ “Peace, peace” (6:14; 8:11).
14:16 no one to bury them. See note on 7:33. wives . . . sons . . . daughters. All would perish, because all had worshiped false gods (see note on 7:18).
14:18 land they know not. Babylonia.
14:19–22 The prophet prays on behalf of the people.
14:22 See Hos 2:8,21–22. worthless idols. See note on 2:5. it is you. Only the Lord (not Baal) can send the showers to end the drought (v. 1). our hope is in you. See note on v. 8.
15:2 See Eze 14:21; 33:27. death. Probably by plague; see 14:12 (and note), where “sword, famine and plague” are God’s three agents of destruction, paralleling the first three here (the Hebrew word for “starvation” here is the same as that for “famine” in 14:12).
15:4 abhorrent. The Hebrew for this word is translated “a thing of horror” in the parallel in Dt 28:25. what Manasseh . . . did in Jerusalem. Manasseh, good King Josiah’s grandfather, was the most wicked king in Judah’s long history (2Ki 21:1–11,16). His sins were a primary cause of Judah’s eventual destruction (2Ki 21:12–15; 23:26–27; 24:3–4).
15:6 You keep on backsliding. Or “You go backward” (cf. 7:24; see note on 2:19).
15:7 winnow. See note on Ru 1:22. Winnowing as a figure of judgment is found also in 51:2; Pr 20:8, 26; Isa 41:16. city gates of the land. Or, more simply, “gates of your land” (as in Na 3:13), i.e., the approaches to the land. bereavement . . . on my people. The young men will fall in battle, and Judah and Jerusalem will be left childless (Eze 5:17). not changed. Reminiscent of the refrain in Am 4:6,8–11: “yet you have not returned to me,” where the same Hebrew verb is used (see note on 3:1).
15:8 widows more numerous than the sand of the sea. A tragic reversal of the covenant promise of innumerable offspring (see Ge 22:17 and note). At midday . . . suddenly. Military attacks at noon were unexpected (see note on 6:4). destroyer. Babylonia (see note on 4:7). anguish. See note on 4:19.
15:9 seven. The complete, ideal number of sons (see Ru 4:15 and note)—soon to be destroyed. sun will set while it is still day. See Am 8:9; cf. Mt 27:45 and note. survivors. Or “remnant” (see note on 6:9). Even they will be put to the sword (Mic 6:14).
15:11–14 The Lord speaks, first to Jeremiah (v. 11), then to the people of Judah (vv. 12–14).
15:12 A rhetorical question assuming a negative answer. iron. Symbolic of great strength (28:13). from the north. From Babylonia (see note on Isa 41:25).
15:14 for my anger will kindle a fire. Quoted verbatim from Dt 32:22, where the same Hebrew is translated “For a fire will be kindled by my wrath.”
15:15 you understand. The Lord is aware of what Jeremiah has suffered (v. 10). remember. Express concern for (see note on Ge 8:1).
15:16 your words . . . I ate them. I digested them, I assimilated them, I made them a part of me (Eze 2:8—3:3; Rev 10:9–10). came. Perhaps referring to the discovery of the Book of the Law in the temple during the reign of Josiah in 621 bc (see 2Ki 22:13; 23:2; see also note on 1:2). they were . . . my heart’s delight. See Ps 1:2. I bear your name. See 14:9; I belong to you (see note on 7:10).
15:18 Two rhetorical questions used by Jeremiah to express his nagging doubts about himself, his mission and God’s faithfulness. pain unending . . . wound grievous and incurable. Jerusalem is similarly described in 30:12–15, together with God’s promise of healing in 30:17. deceptive brook. See Mic 1:14, where also “deceptive” probably refers to the kind of intermittent streams described in Job 6:15–20. Jeremiah here accuses God of being undependable, in contrast to the Lord’s own earlier description of himself as a “spring of living water” (see 2:13 and note).
15:19–21 The Lord commands Jeremiah to repent, then encourages him and renews his call.
16:2 Jeremiah’s ministry was such that he had to face life alone (see note on 15:17), without the comfort and support a family can provide. You must not. The Hebrew underlying this phrase is used for the most forceful of negative commands, as, e.g., in the Ten Commandments (Ex 20:3–4, 7,13–17). this place. Judah and Jerusalem, especially the latter (see, e.g., Zep 1:4).
16:8 do not enter a house where there is feasting. The present crisis is a time for neither feasting nor mourning (v. 5), but for preparing for the coming exile (v. 13).
16:11 See 11:10, where committing sins like those mentioned here is called breaking the Lord’s covenant.
16:12 behaved more wickedly than your ancestors. See 1Ki 14:9. The coming judgment cannot be blamed on the sins of previous generations (see 31:29–30 and notes; Eze 18:2–4). following the stubbornness of your evil hearts. See note on 3:17; see also 7:24.
16:16 fishermen . . . hunters. Symbolic of conquerors (see Eze 12:13; 29:4; Am 4:2 and note). mountain and hill. To which the people would flee in vain (see 4:29 and note). crevices of the rocks. The phrase occurs outside Jeremiah only in Isa 7:19. The Lord may be recalling here the episode of the ruined linen belt, hidden in a “crevice in the rocks” (13:4).
16:19–20 The prophet interjects a few brief words of hope.
16:21—17:4 The Lord responds to Jeremiah and continues his solemn warnings that began in v. 1.
17:1 engraved with an iron tool. The method used to inscribe the most permanent of records (Job 19:24). flint. An extremely hard stone from which tools and weapons were made (see notes on Ex 4:25; Jos 5:2; see also Eze 3:9; Zec 7:12). tablets of their hearts. For the same imagery, see Pr 3:3; 7:3. horns of their altars. The people of Judah have backslid so badly that their sins are engraved not only on their hearts but also on their altars—to be remembered by God rather than to be atoned for (Lev 16:18).
17:4 inheritance. The land of Canaan (see 16:18; see also note on 2:7).
17:6 bush. The Hebrew for this word suggests destitution (see Ps 102:17, “destitute”). prosperity. The Hebrew for this word is translated “bounty” in Dt 28:12, where it refers to rain. salt land. An evidence of God’s curse also in Dt 29:23.
17:7 trusts . . . confidence. The same Hebrew root underlies both words.
17:8 planted. Or “transplanted.” stream. An image for the source of a righteous person’s strength (cf. Ps 1:3; Isa 44:4). drought. See note on 14:1. bear fruit. The Lord’s answer to Jeremiah’s complaint in 12:1–2 (see notes there).
17:9 The prophet makes an observation, then asks a rhetorical question. heart. Wickedness must not be allowed to take root in one’s heart (see Ps 4:7 and note; Pr 4:23). deceitful. The Hebrew root for this word is the basis of the name Jacob (see NIV text note on Ge 27:36).
17:10 The Lord responds to Jeremiah’s question. search . . . examine. See 11:20; 12:3.
17:11 The prophet uses a proverb to make his point (as in v. 9). fools. Morally and spiritually bankrupt (see note on Pr 1:7).
17:13 hope of Israel. See note on 14:8. dust. Sometimes referring to the netherworld (see note on Job 7:21), as also in Canaanite and Mesopotamian literature. “Written in the dust” would then mean “destined for death,” the opposite of “written in the book” of life (Da 12:1; see Ex 32:32; see also Ps 69:28; Lk 10:20; Rev 3:5 and notes). forsaken . . . spring of living water. Contrast 15:18; see notes on 2:13,32.
17:15 See 20:8. Jeremiah’s enemies accuse him of being a false prophet (Dt 18:21–22). The accusation must have been voiced before the first invasion of Judah by the Babylonians in 605 bc, after the battle of Carchemish (see 46:2; see also Introduction: Background).
17:16 shepherd. Symbolic of leadership and therefore of Jeremiah’s role as a prophet (see notes on 2:8; Ps 23:1; Jn 10:1–30).
17:19–27 An extended commentary on the Sabbath-day commandment (the covenant sign of God’s relationship with Israel; see Ex 31:13–17; Eze 20:12), probably the version recorded in Dt 5:12–15 (see note on v. 22 below).
17:20 kings of Judah. The current king and all subsequent ruling members of David’s dynasty (see, e.g., v. 25; 1:18; 2:26; 13:13; 19:3).
17:21 Be careful. See Jos 23:11. The Hebrew underlying this phrase is translated “watch yourselves . . . carefully” in Dt 4:15, and a similar expression is translated “be on your guard” in Mal 2:15, stressing the urgency and solemnity of the Lord’s command.
17:22 Do not. See note on 16:2. The Hebrew for this negative expression is stronger than that in v. 21. not . . . do any work . . . keep the Sabbath day holy. Specific references to the Sabbath-day commandment of Ex 20:8, 10; Dt 5:12,14. as I commanded. The Hebrew underlying this phrase is unique to the Ten Commandments as recorded in Deuteronomy (see Dt 5:12, 15–16; see note on vv. 19–27 above).
17:23 did not listen . . . were stiff-necked. Repeated from 7:26 (see note there; see also 11:10). not . . . respond to discipline. See 2:30; 5:3.
17:26 territory of Benjamin. Jeremiah’s hometown was located there (1:1). western foothills . . . hill country. See note on Dt 1:7. Negev. See note on Ge 12:9. bringing thank offerings. See 33:11.
17:27 Disobedience will bring disaster and will negate—at least temporarily—the promises of vv. 24–26. gates of Jerusalem. The symbols of Sabbath violation would be the first structures destroyed. kindle . . . fire . . . consume her fortresses. Common prophetic language for divine judgment against rebellious cities (49:27; 50:32; Am 1:4, 7,10,12,14; 2:2,5; cf. Jer 21:14).
18:1—20:18 Three chapters focusing on lessons the Lord taught Jeremiah at the potter’s workshop, probably before 605 bc (see note on 17:15).
18:2 Go down. The potter’s workshop was probably located on the slopes of the Valley of Ben Hinnom, near the Potsherd Gate (see 19:2 and note).
18:3 wheel. A potter’s wheel consisted of two stones (or wheels) attached to a single upright shaft, one end of which was sunk permanently in the ground. The potter would spin the lower wheel with his foot and would work the clay on the upper wheel; the process is described in the Apocryphal book of Ecclesiasticus (38:29–30). See photo.
18:4 marred. The Hebrew for this word is translated “ruined” in 13:7 with respect to the linen belt that Jeremiah had hidden (see note there). as seemed best to him. The flaw was in the clay itself, not in the potter’s skill.
18:6 Like clay . . . so are you. Biblical imagery often pictures humankind as made of clay by a potter (see Job 4:19 and note; Ro 9:20–21). potter. The Hebrew for this word is translated “Maker” in 10:16 with reference to God.
18:7–10 If . . . if . . . if . . . if. God’s promises and threats are conditioned on human actions. God, who himself does not change (Nu 23:19; Mal 3:6; Jas 1:17), nevertheless does change his preannounced response to people, depending on what they do (see note on 4:28; see also Joel 2:13; Jnh 3:8—4:2 and note on 3:9; 4:11). Of course, he knows what they will do.
18:8 See 26:3. evil . . . disaster. The Hebrew is the same for both words (also in v. 11).
18:9 built up and planted. See 1:10 and note.
18:11 devising a plan. See Est 8:3; 9:25; Eze 38:10. turn from. The Hebrew underlying this phrase is translated “repents of” in v. 8.
18:12 It’s no use. See 2:25; see also note on Isa 57:10. follow the stubbornness of our evil hearts. See note on 3:17.
18:14–15 Although nature is reliable (v. 14), Judah is fickle and unfaithful (v. 15).
18:15 my people have forgotten me. Repeated from 2:32 (see note there). burn incense. See note on 1:16. worthless idols. Cf. Ps 31:6; Jer 2:8, 11. which made them stumble. See 2Ch 28:23. ancient paths. See note on 6:16. roads not built up. See note on Isa 35:8.
18:16 object of horror . . . appalled. The same Hebrew root underlies both words. lasting scorn. See 19:8; 25:9,18; 29:18; 51:37. The phrase implies hissing or whistling to express shock, ridicule and contempt. all . . . appalled. See 19:8; 1Ki 9:8. shake their heads. See 48:27; Job 16:4 and note; see also Ps 44:14; 109:25.
18:17 wind from the east. See 4:11; Ps 48:7 and notes. show them my back and not my face. As the people themselves had done to God (2:27). His face symbolizes his gracious blessing and favor (see Nu 6:24–26 and note on 6:25).
18:21 hand them over to the power of the sword. Cf. Ps 63:10; Eze 35:5. be put to death. Probably referring to plague, as in 15:2 (see note there).
18:23 you, LORD, know. See 12:3; 15:15. Do not forgive their crimes . . . Let them be overthrown before you. A prayer not for human vengeance but for divine vindication (see note on 10:25). blot out their sins. See Ps 51:1–2 and notes.
19:1–15 A jar deliberately broken by Jeremiah (vv. 1–10) symbolizes the forthcoming destruction of Judah and Jerusalem (vv. 11–15). In ch. 18 the potter’s clay was still moist and pliable, making it possible to reshape and rework it (see 18:1–11). In ch. 19, however, the clay jar is hard and, if unsuitable for the owner’s use, can only be destroyed (v. 11).
19:2 Valley of Ben Hinnom. See note on 7:31. Potsherd Gate. The Jerusalem Targum (an ancient Aramaic paraphrase) identifies the Potsherd Gate (so called because it overlooked the main dump for broken pottery) with the Dung Gate of Ne 2:13 (see note there); 3:13–14; 12:31.
19:3 kings. See note on 17:20. disaster . . . make the ears . . . tingle. Echoed from 2Ki 21:12 (1Sa 3:11). The phrase refers to the shock of hearing an announcement of threatened punishment.
19:4 they. All who tried to combine the worship of idols with the worship of the one true God. this . . . place. Jerusalem. burned incense. See note on 1:16. filled this place with the blood of the innocent. The blood of godly people (2:34; 7:6; 22:3,17; 26:15), specifically as shed by wicked King Manasseh (see 15:4 and note; see also 2Ki 21:16).
19:7 ruin. Or “pour out”; see NIV text note (see also note on v. 1). As Jeremiah was saying this, he may have been pouring water from the jar to the ground as a symbolic gesture (cf. 2Sa 14:14). See photo. fall by the sword before their enemies. The Babylonians are the instruments of the divine threat (see 20:6). carcasses as food . . . wild animals. See 7:33 and note.
19:8 Echoes the language of 18:16 (see note there; see also Eze 27:35; Zep 2:15). devastate . . . appalled. The same Hebrew root underlies both words—the devastation of the city will have a similar effect on those who see its ruins. scorn . . . scoff. The same Hebrew root underlies both words.
19:9 One of the covenant curses (see Lev 26:29; Dt 28:53–57). eat the flesh of their sons and daughters . . . eat one another’s flesh. When Jerusalem’s food supply ran out during the Babylonian siege in 586 bc, cannibalism resulted (La 2:20; 4:10; Eze 5:10). Such shocking activity was not unprecedented in Israel (2Ki 6:28–29), and it would occur again in ad 70 during the Roman siege of Jerusalem (see Zec 11:9 and note): “A woman . . . who . . . had fled to Jerusalem . . . killed her son, roasted him, and ate one half, concealing and saving the rest” (Josephus, Wars, 6.3.4).
19:11 smash this nation . . . as this potter’s jar is smashed. Egyptians of the Twelfth Dynasty (c. 1983–1795 bc) inscribed the names of their enemies on pottery bowls and then smashed them, hoping to break the power of their enemies by so doing. cannot be repaired. See note on vv. 1–15.
19:13 will be defiled like . . . Topheth. King Josiah had earlier “desecrated Topheth” (2Ki 23:10). burned incense. See note on 1:16. on the roofs. See 32:29; see also note on Isa 15:3. The kings of Judah had built pagan altars on the roof of the palace in Jerusalem (2Ki 23:12). The Ugaritic Keret epic of the fourteenth century bc (see chart) describes a similar practice: “Go to the top of a tower, bestride the top of the wall . . . Honor Baal with your sacrifice . . . Then descend . . . from the housetops.” starry hosts. Worship of the sun, moon and stars was common in Judah throughout much of the later history of the monarchy (see, e.g., 2Ki 17:16; 21:3,5; 23:4–5; Zep 1:5). drink offerings to other gods. See note on 7:18.
19:14 all the people. A much larger audience than the elders of v. 1.
19:15 the villages around it. The towns of Judah that were dependent on Jerusalem (1:15; 9:11). were stiff-necked and would not listen. Like unruly oxen that resist the yoke; repeated from 7:26 (see note there; see also 11:10).
20:1–6 Pashhur’s response to Jeremiah’s symbolic act (vv. 1–2), and Jeremiah’s rejoinder (vv. 3–6).
20:2 The first of many recorded acts of physical violence against Jeremiah. the prophet. The first time Jeremiah is so called in the book (see Introduction: Theological Themes and Message), here to stress the enormity of Pashhur’s actions. beaten. Probably in accordance with the Mosaic law of Dt 25:2–3 (see note on Dt 25:3). stocks. A device used to restrict and humiliate prisoners. Upper Gate of Benjamin. Probably the same as the “north gate of the inner court” (Eze 8:3; see 2Ki 15:35; see also Eze 9:2). at the LORD’s temple. This qualifying phrase distinguishes the temple’s Gate of Benjamin from the “Benjamin Gate” in the city wall (37:13; 38:7). Both gates were in the northern part of the city, facing the territory of Benjamin.
20:3 Terror on Every Side. See note on 6:25.
20:4 Pashhur’s new name symbolizes terror to all Judah, whose people will be exiled to Babylonia or put to death. friends. Associates and allies in the sense of covenant partners (v. 6). king of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar, who acceded to the Babylonian throne in 605 bc (see notes on 17:15; 18:1—20:18).
20:6 you, Pashhur, . . . will go into exile. Probably in 597 bc, because shortly after that year (29:2) two other men in succession had replaced Pashhur as chief officer in the temple (29:25–26). you have prophesied lies. The priest Pashhur had pretended to be a prophet.
20:8 Jeremiah attributes his suffering to the Lord’s demands on his life. violence and destruction. The prophet’s message echoes the Lord’s word (6:7). reproach. See Ps 44:13; 79:4.
20:10 The Hebrew of the first two lines is identical with that of the first two lines of Ps 31:13. Terror on every side! See note on 6:25. The phrase is here used to mock Jeremiah in the light of his doleful message. friends. Cf. Ps 41:9 and note. waiting for me to slip. See Ps 35:15; 38:16. deceived. See v. 7 and note. we will prevail over him. Or so they think (v. 11). take our revenge on him. His enemies will not give up, no matter what it takes (see 11:19; 12:6; 26:11; cf. Ps 56:5–6; 71:10).
20:11 the LORD is with me. See 1:8 and note. This assertion marks a dramatic (though temporary—see vv. 14–18) change in Jeremiah’s perspective from his own situation and sense of inadequacy to the Lord’s powerful presence with him. mighty. The Hebrew for this word is translated “cruel” in 15:21, where it describes Jeremiah’s enemies. Here it has a different nuance and is applied to God. warrior. See notes on Ex 14:14; 15:3.
20:13 Sing . . . Give praise. See 31:7; see also introduction to Ps 9. rescues . . . from the hands of the wicked. See 15:21; 21:12. needy. See 22:16. By Jeremiah’s time, “poor/needy” had become virtually synonymous with “righteous” (see Am 2:6; see also notes on Ps 9:18; 34:6).
20:14–18 See Job 3:3–19. From the heights of exultation (v. 13) Jeremiah now sinks to the depths of despair. The irreversibility of his divine call (v. 9), the betrayal of his friends (v. 10), the relentless pursuit of his enemies (vv. 7,11), the negative and condemnatory nature of his message (v. 8)—all have combined to bring to his lips a startling expression of despondency and hopelessness. The passage serves also as a transition to the next major section of the book. Judah and Jerusalem, Jeremiah will soon say, are now irrevocably doomed (21:1–10).
20:15 News of the birth of a son, normally a blessing in ancient times (see, e.g., Ge 29:31–35), Jeremiah sees as a curse in his own case. Cursed be the man. A rhetorical curse, not directed against the man personally.
20:17 enlarged. In his anguish, Jeremiah wishes that his mother’s womb, which gave him birth, had been instead his eternal tomb.
21:2 Inquire . . . of the LORD. A request for knowledge or information (Ge 25:22; 2Ki 22:13), not necessarily for help. Nebuchadnezzar. See NIV text note; see also chart and note on 2Ki 24:1. is attacking. About 588, because the brash Zedekiah had rebelled against Babylon (52:3). us. Jerusalem. perform wonders . . . as in times past. For example, in the days of Hezekiah (Isa 37:36). he will withdraw. See Isa 37:37.
21:4 turn against you the weapons. Your defense of Jerusalem will fail. Babylonians. See NIV text note; see also note on Job 1:17. gather them inside this city. Either (1) the weapons, meaning that Judah’s troops would be totally unable to defend the approaches to the city, or (2) the Babylonians, meaning that Jerusalem’s defeat is imminent and inevitable.
21:5 I myself will fight against you. The Lord, usually his people’s defender, will now destroy them and seal their doom. with an outstretched hand and a mighty arm. See 27:5; 32:17. A similar phrase is used to describe God’s powerful redemption of Israel at the exodus (32:21; Dt 4:34; 5:15; 7:19; 26:8), but here God turns his wrath against his own people. in furious anger and in great wrath. Probably quoted from Dt 29:28.
21:7 I will give Zedekiah . . . his officials and the people . . . into the hands of Nebuchadnezzar. Fulfilled in 52:8–11,24–27 (Eze 12:13–14). plague, sword and famine. See v. 9. For this triad, see note on 14:12. no mercy or pity or compassion. For this triad, see 13:14; see also Eze 5:11. The three triads here heighten the literary effect of the passage.
21:9 Repeated almost verbatim in 38:2. Jeremiah’s counsel of surrender branded him as a traitor in the eyes of many (37:13), but he was in fact a true patriot who wanted to stay in Judah even after Jerusalem was destroyed (37:14; 40:6; 42:7–22). whoever . . . surrenders to the Babylonians . . . will live. Fulfilled in 39:9; 52:15. they will escape with their lives. Or “their lives will be their (only) plunder.” The victorious in battle can expect to share plunder; the defeated are fortunate indeed if their lives are spared.
21:10 determined. Or “set my face” (see 44:11; Isa 50:7 and note). harm and not good. See Am 9:4; contrast 24:6. It will be given . . . destroy it with fire. See 34:2.
21:12 Administer justice. See 5:28; 22:16; 1Ki 3:28; La 3:59. The king was obliged and expected to do so, as was the future Messiah (23:5; 33:15). every morning. When the mind is clear and the day is cool (see Ps 101:8 and note). rescue . . . robbed. Repeated in 22:3. or my wrath . . . no one to quench it. Repeated verbatim from 4:4 (Am 5:6). wrath will . . . burn. See 15:14; 17:4,27.
21:13 valley. Jerusalem, surrounded on three sides by valleys (see note on Isa 22:7), is called the “Valley of Vision” in Isa 22:1,5. rocky plateau. Mount Zion. you who say. The pronouns are plural in the second half of the verse (referring to Jerusalem’s inhabitants), singular in the first half (referring to Jerusalem personified). Who can come against us? The people think that no one can successfully lay siege to them (see notes on 7:4; 8:19).
21:14 as your deeds deserve. See note on 17:10. kindle a fire . . . consume. See note on 17:27. forests. The Hebrew for this word is singular and perhaps refers figuratively to Jerusalem’s royal palace, called the “Palace of the Forest of Lebanon” (1Ki 7:2; 10:17,21; see Isa 22:8) because of the cedar (22:7,14,15,23) used in its construction. The palace (22:1) is compared to the “summit of Lebanon” in 22:6 (see 22:23 and NIV text note).