← Contents The Jewish Annotated New Testament

INDEX

A

Aaron, 474–75
Abaddon, 555
Abba, 382
Abel, 522–23
abolitionists, 455–56
Abraham, 15, 196, 225, 235, 514
circumcision and, 295, 379–80, 673
descendants of, 294–96, 369, 481, 495
faith of, 294–96, 482–83
Jesus related to, 11
Melchizedek and, 471, 473–74
Sarah and, 506–7
vision of, 171–72
abundance, 365
accountability, 57, 289
Acts of the Apostles, 6–8, 219–80, 419, 441
ascension in, 221–22
miracles in, 248, 251, 263, 278
Spirit in, 223–24
Adam, 117–18, 341, 464
Christ compared to, 350, 402
sin of, 297, 299–300
adoption, 302, 382
adultery, 88, 193, 609
divorce and, 333, 612, 656
Adversus Iudaeos (“Against the Jews”), 764–66
advocate (paraclete), 208, 520
afterlife, 691–95
“Against the Jews” (Adversus Iudaeos), 764–66
agapē. See love
Agrippa, 246–47, 587, 720
Agrippa II, 587, 720–21
Akedah, 466, 483, 506
Akiva, R., 141, 169, 468, 518–19, 591
Alexander the Great, 580, 583
Alexandria, 276
aliens, resident, 647
amen, 77–78, 355, 546
Amidah, 227, 354, 364, 393, 444, 491
blessings in, 627, 653
development of, 668–69
Amos, 354
amulet, 544
Ananias, 230–31, 269–70
Ananus, 719
ancestors, 442, 462
ancestral law, 268
angels, 165, 514–15, 551, 566, 688
annunciation by, 109
archangels, 424–25
Christ related to, 407
court of, 439
danger and, 277
fallen, 391, 533–34
Gabriel, 110, 684–85
in healing, 186
Jerusalem Temple related to, 537, 540, 563
Judaism and, 532
judgment and, 555–556, 562
Metatron, 482, 508, 685
Michael, 532, 534, 558, 623
Moses and, 236, 534
Peter and, 246
seven, 539, 541
superior to, 463–64
Torah from, 464–65
of waters, 564
worship of, 371, 414, 569 See also Satan
Anna, 115
Annas, 50, 212
annunciation, 109–11, 113–14
anointing, 355, 498, 623
of Jesus’ feet, 202–3
by woman, 59, 128–29
antichrist, 429, 520–21, 528
anti-Christianity, 734, 765
anti-Jewish, 6, 194, 196, 421, 462, 703, 733
in Gospels, 764–65
in John, Gospel According to, 172–73
modern guidelines against, 759–63
in Revelation, to John, 537–38
stereotypes, 760–63
antinomianism, 220
Antioch, 245, 248
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (king), 55, 429, 560, 584, 592
anti-Semitism, 598
antitheses, 18–19, 415–16
apocalypse, 97–98, 144, 158, 284 See also Revelation, to John
Apocalypse of Paul, 694
Apocalypse of Peter, 694
Apocrypha, 781t, 782
Apollos, 261
apostasy, 472, 596, 636
apostles, 77, 281, 353, 366, 450
admonitions of, 328–29
commissions to, 132, 433
false, 264, 542
healing by, 88–89, 226–27, 231, 241–42, 256
money for, 337
Paul with, 376–77
persecution of, 246
rights of, 336–37
“super-,” 352, 368
twelve, 125 See also disciples
Apostolic Decree, 651
apostolicity, 697–98
Aprocryphal Gospels, 2
Aquila, 351, 706–7
Aquinas, Thomas, 745
Aramaic, 358, 699
Aramaic Bible translations, 783
archaeology, Israeli, 599–602
archangel, 424–25
Archelaus, 720
Archippus, 417–18
Arianism, 755
Aristobulus, 581, 585
Aristotle, 209
ark of covenant, 476–77
Arnold, Matthew, 580
arrest
of Jesus, 101–2, 161–62, 212
of Paul, 267
of Peter, 228
Artemis, 263
arts, 678, 750–54
in synagogues, 665–66
ascension, of Jesus, 166, 181, 221–22, 400
Asch, Sholem, 747–49
Asia Minor, 247–48
astrology, 665–66
Athens, 258–59
atonement
repentance and, 524
sacrifice and, 293, 477–78, 524
Yom Kippur, 276, 363, 466, 477–78, 524
attribution, 432
audience, 285–86, 485
Augustine, 676
Augustus (emperor), 333
Augustus Caesar, 1
authenticity
of John, Gospel According to, 169–70, 630–31
of Paul, 369, 373, 376, 635–36
of Peter, Second Letter of, 511
authority, 314
of high priest, 470
of Jesus, 32–33, 49–50, 72, 94, 156, 178–79, 204
of LXX, 704, 707
authorship
of Acts, of the Apostles, 219
of Corinthians, Second Letter of Paul to, 352
of Galatians, Letter of Paul to, 373
of Gospels, 1
of Hebrews, Letter to, 460
of John, Gospel According to, 170
of Luke, Gospel According to, 107
of Mark, Gospel of, 67
of Matthew, Gospel According to, 9
of Pastoral Epistles, 432
of Philemon, Letter of Paul to, 455
of Philippians, Letter of Paul to, 398
of Romans, Letter of Paul to, 285

B

Babylon, 510, 565–68, 583
Babylonian exile, 12, 358
Babylonian Talmud, 629, 643, 727
Baeck, Leo, 743
baptism, 381, 444, 472, 508, 674–77
circumcision related to, 413
divine will and, 182–83
footwashing as, 205
of Jesus, 15–16, 69, 71, 117
life and, 414–15
purification of, 176, 674–76
of repentance, 71 See also John the Baptist
Barabbas, 63, 103, 163
Bar Kochba rebellion, 385, 591, 626, 711
Bar Mitzvahs, 759
Barnabas, 255
Barrabas, 213
Bathsheba, 11–12
Beatitudes, 18–19
Beelzebul, 30, 139
beheading, 570–71
beliefs, 519–20, 579, 598–99, 634–35
in Jesus, Jewish responses to, 730–33
in prophets, 275
suffering and, 359–60
Beloved Disciple, 170, 205, 215, 218, 529
ben Abuyah, Elisha, 374
Ben Azzai, R., 137, 649–50
ben Dosa, Hanina, 681
benediction, 138, 356, 372, 426
“Benedictus,” 112–13
Benedict XVI (pope), 724
Benjamin, 403
Berahkot. See blessings
Berenice, Julia, 273
Beruriah, 607
bet din (house of judgment), 602
Bethlehem, 113
betrayal, 160–61
biographies, 5
birkat ha-minim (blessing concerning sectarians), 653–54, 732, 758
birth
of Jesus, 113, 728, 731
of John the Baptist, 112
bishops, 435
blasphemy, 27, 34, 61, 74, 102, 123, 508
execution for, 199–200, 234
against Holy Spirit, 141
blessing concerning sectarians (birkat ha-minim), 653–54, 732, 758
blessings (Berahkot), 353, 389–90, 501–2, 668–69
in Amidah, 627, 653
benediction, 138, 356, 372, 426
of children, 46, 153
daily, 379
for food, 342
laying of hands for, 443–44, 472
blindness, 48, 86–87, 92–93, 196–97
blood, 190, 519, 563
of Christ, 478, 502, 676–77
covenants related to, 100, 342
Eucharist and, 676–77
water and, 525–26 See also circumcision; Eucharist
blood cry, 10, 62
blood money, 62
boasting, 367, 369–70
body, 298
church as, 388, 407, 411
as Israel, 344
law and, 301
metaphors for, 359–60
names on, 561
in resurrection, 349–51
soul and, 363
Book of Life, 405, 545
Book of the Watchers, 692–93
Booths (Sukkoth), 192–93, 447, 671
“born again,” 181
bridegroom, 28, 124
brother, 458–59
builders, 127, 327
burial, 26–27, 65, 140, 165, 235
after crucifixion, 679–80
of Jesus, 677–80
of Lazarus, 201–2
ossuaries for, 601–2, 679
Sabbath and, 105
spices for, 216

C

Caesar, taxes to, 51, 95
Caesarea, 270–71
Caesarea Philippi, 87
Caiaphas, 202, 213, 720
Cain and Abel, 522–23
calendar, 617, 671–72
Caligula, 97–98, 587
Canaanite woman, 40
canon, 441
of LXX, 704–5
of New Testament, 695–99
Capernaum, 599–600
capital punishment, 61, 213, 232
stoning, 231, 237, 367, 369 See also crucifixion
Captivity Epistles, 283, 455
Catholic Epistles, 283–84
Catholics, Hebrew, 757
celibacy, 46, 91, 435, 562, 610
for clergy, 333
for elders, 451–52
centurion, 99, 104–5, 127
centurion's servant, 26
Cephas. See Peter
Chagall, Marc, 753
Charismatics, 758
Chester Beatty Biblical Papyrus II, 460
childbirth, 110, 435
children, 521, 607, 673
adoption of, 302, 382
becoming like, 44
blessing of, 46, 153
of devil, 194, 522
fathers and, 329, 469, 496, 606
firstborn, 410, 463, 540
of God, 523–26
infants, 326–27
innocence of, 89–90
of light, 711–12
marriage and, 610
massacre of, 14
righteousness of, 302
slavery of, 605
students as, 362, 442, 459
Chosen People, 389, 416, 453, 501, 504, 637
Christ
Adam compared to, 350, 402
angels related to, 407
blood of, 478, 502, 676–77
covenant of, 477–78
as God, 541, 682–83
Hebrew Bible related to, 361, 412
hymn to, 402, 407, 410–11
mystery of, 392–93
obedience in, 297–98
return of, 516–17
Torah related to, 280, 361, 412
victory of, 348–49
Christian claims, Jewish reflection on 724–27
Christianity, 462
anti-, 734, 765
early, 226, 583, 782–83
Evangelical, 757–58
Judaism compared to, 725
Christians, 244–45, 500
early, translations of, 782–83
neighbor, concept of, 645–50
Pharisees and, 252–53 See also Jewish-Christian relations
Christology, 434–35, 461, 754–56
creeds and, 755–56
Trinity and, 756
chronology, 672
Chrysostom, John, 637, 765
church (“ekklēsia”), 245, 545
as body, 388, 407, 411
discipline, 44
leaders of, 435–36
opposition to, 238
practices for, 435
circular letter, 388
circumcision, 133, 639, 673–74
Abraham and, 295, 379–80, 673
baptism related to, 413
debate over, 252, 377, 386–87, 392, 403–4
of heart, 291, 673
identification from, 292–93
of Jesus, 108, 114
law and, 289–90, 396, 593, 634
as obstruction, 305–6
Peter related to, 244–45, 652
removal of, 334, 584
resistance to, 384–85
“works of law” and, 290
Claudius, 260, 351, 587
Clement of Alexandria, 441, 696
Clement of Rome, 695
clergy, 333
clothing, 214–15
Codex Vaticanus, 449
coherence, 632
coinage, 600–601
collection, 364–66, 371 See also tax collectors
Colossae, 455
Colossians, Letter of Paul to, 407–18
Ephesians compared to, 388
commandments, 83–85, 206, 440, 727, 760–61
greatest, 52, 96
law compared to, 331
love as, 518–19
new, 521
Noahide, 644–45
obedience to, 525
stumbling block before disabled and, 315–16
commissions, 66, 132, 433
communal meal, 339
communal possessions, 230
community, 136
early life of, 226
Johannine, 168–70, 518, 529
Philo of Alexandria related to, 714–16
purity of, 329–30 See also Qumran community
compassion, 31
compensation, 385–86
condemnation, of Jesus, 163, 214
conduct, 394
household codes, 395–97, 416–17, 505–9
confession, 404, 440, 499, 520
of Peter, 87, 133
conspiracy, of Jewish leaders, 58
conversion (gēr), 404, 430, 593, 617, 676
of Ioudaioi, 595–97, 643–44, 647
of Paul, 240–41, 274
Satan and, 275
in Second Temple period, 595–96
Corinth, 259–60, 321
Corinthians, First Letter of Paul to, 321–51
salutation in, 322
women in, 321
Corinthians, Second Letter of Paul to, 352–72
benediction in, 372
collection in, 364–66, 371
dualism in, 362–63
Jewish law in, 352–53
Cornelius, 242, 652
cornerstone, 504
corruption, 512
cosmology, 173, 688–91
council, 252–55
Council of Nicea, 466, 755–56
counting, 146–48
covenants, 207, 312, 465
ark of, 476–77
blood related to, 100, 342
of Christ, 477–78
law and, 380–81
of love, 761
“new,” 357–58
rabbinic Judaism and, 723–24 See also circumcision
creeds, 755–56
criticism, 314, 373
crucifixion, 63–64, 68, 232, 731, 751, 753
burial after, 679–80
clothing at, 214–15
Jerusalem Temple related to, 65, 104–5
journey to, 164
nails in, 601–2
shame of, 103–4, 633
women at, 215
cry, of dereliction, 103
culture
Greco-Roman, 368, 437, 456, 580–81
of Messianic Judaism, 759
Yiddish, 747–50
Cumanus, 134–35
curse, 653–54
of law, 380
Cyprus, 247–48

D

Damascus Document, 76, 491, 712–13
Daniel, 559, 693, 722
darkness, 395–96, 409–10, 425, 519
David (king), 49, 76, 111, 468, 475
Jesus and, 10, 52
key of, 546
Messiah from, 10–12, 69, 96, 204, 281, 441, 462, 622–23, 627
tomb of, 225
Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), 276, 363, 466, 477–78, 524
Day of Son of Man, 151–52
Day of the Lord, 429–30
days, 423, 670
deacons, 436
dead
resurrection of, 30, 38, 82, 193, 200–202, 419, 421
salvation of, 424–25
Dead Sea Scrolls, 171, 174, 359, 467, 597, 657, 710–14
dualism in, 521
interpretation related to, 711, 729
light and darkness in, 519
Messiah in, 626–27, 712
Pharisees and, 620–21
rebuke in, 713–14
on Sabbath, 468–69
Satan in, 686–87
translations of, 782 See also Qumran community
deaf man, 85
death, 194
of Herod Antipas, 247
of Judas, 58
of Peter, 513
righteousness and, 164–65, 550–51
deceivers, 527–28
defilement, 363
Demetrius, 530
demon possession, 128
healing of, 6, 26, 34–35, 43, 79–80, 130–31, 134, 262
deserts, 718
Deuteronomy, 17, 280, 372, 389, 456
“Deutero-Pauline,” 407
devil
children of, 194, 522
dragon as, 558–59
Judas and, 205–6 See also Satan
Diaspora Jews, 76, 312, 490
Alexander the Great and, 583
revolt of, 588–91
synagogues of, 664
diatribe, 289, 292, 297, 299
dietary laws. See food
Diogenes Laertius, 379
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 581
Diotrephes, 530
disciples, 613
call of, 72, 177
faith of, 39, 88–89
fate of, 30
Holy Spirit on, 221
instructions to, 141
in John, Gospel According to, 173–74
in Matthew, Gospel According to, 18
persecution of, 159
receiving of, 89–90
resurrection and, 217
twelve, 77
discipleship, 133, 135, 147
disease, 163, 198
dishonesty, 149, 711–12
disloyalty, 58–60
Dispersion, 501 See also Diaspora Jews
divine beings, 175, 682–86, 688 See also angels; supernatural beings
divine counsel, 683–84
divine incarnation, 739–40
divine judgment, 469
divine plan, 325
divine presence (shekhinah), 10, 110, 175, 746
divine will, 182–83
divine Wisdom, 323–26, 402
divisions and tractates, Talmudic
divorce
adultery and, 333, 612, 656
Jesus on, 609, 712–13, 762
marriage and, 45–46, 91, 150, 333–34, 435–36, 606, 609–10, 612
remarriage after, 150, 334, 435–36
docetism, 518, 527
dogs, 403–4, 575
Domitian (emperor), 536
dough allegory, 310
dove, 176
doxology, 509, 517, 535, 539
dragon, 558–59, 570
drunkenness, 396, 439
dualism, 362–63, 427, 521
Duran, Profiat, 735, 741, 745

E

early Christianity, 226, 583, 782–83
early Judaism, errors on, 759–63
earth, new, 572
earthquake, 257
Ebionites, 741
Ecclesiastes, book of, 692
ecstatic experiences, 361
education, 471–72, 607, 760
Egypt, 380–81
flight to, 14
Ptolemies of, 583
“ekklēsia.” See church
elders, 245, 265, 439
celibacy for, 451–52
heavenly throne and, 547
presbyter as, 527, 529–30
tradition of, 39, 84, 458
Eleazer, 464
elect, 528
election, 304, 428, 444, 512
Eliezer, R., 431, 468
Elijah, 32, 64, 72, 118, 280, 499
Messiah and, 42–43, 175–76
miracles from, 680–81
prophecies and, 88, 110
Elisha, 77, 83, 88–89, 134, 680–81
Elizabeth, 111
end-time, 425, 445, 462, 502–3
Last Supper related to, 651–52
endurance, 443–44, 480–81, 509
Enlightenment, 742
Enoch, 482, 692
1 Enoch, 532–33
entertainment, 7
Epaphras, 409, 417
Epaphroditus, 401, 405
Ephesians, Letter of Paul to, 388–97, 714
as circular letter, 388
Colossians compared to, 388
contemporary Jewish concepts in, 389
Ephesus, 261–63, 265, 398, 542
Epictetus, 291
Epicurus, 412–13
Epiphanius, 654
Epistle of Jude, 511
Epistles, 432
Captivity, 283, 455
Catholic, 283–84, 489
form of, 281
non-canonical, 281–82
of Paul, 282–83
Erastus, 319–20
Esau, 486
eschatology, 187, 284
banquet related to, 183
judgment and, 328
wisdom and, 349
eschaton, 55
Essenes, 333, 407, 457, 614–15, 711
eternal life, 182
sins and, 526
eternity, 517
ethics
conduct and, 394–97
heart and, 523
household codes, 395–97, 416–17, 505–9
in Matthew, Gospel According to, 21, 24–25
Ethiopian eunuch, 239–40
ethnic descent, 304, 592
ethno-geography, 592, 596–98
Eucharist, 59–60, 83, 100, 190–91, 661, 674–677
blood and, 676–77
eunuchs, 239–40
Eusebius, 119, 168, 500, 697–98
Evangelical Christianity, 757–58
evil, 330
speech and, 495–97
exhortation, 281, 414, 425–26, 487–88
to faithfulness, 442–43
Exodus, 235–36, 338, 680
exorcists, 681 See also demon possession
explanation (nimshal), 709–10
expulsion, 530
Ezekiel, 537, 694, 750
Revelation, to John, and, 547–48, 561, 572–73

F

face
of God, 370, 528, 531
of Moses, 357–58
faith, 40, 71–72, 74
of Abraham, 294–96, 482–83
of disciples, 39, 88–89
heroes of, 481–82, 490
in Jesus, 34–36
law compared to, 378–80
love and, 384, 507
Paul on, 287
persecutions and, 428
sin and, 209–10
suffering and, 501–2
works compared to, 379, 489, 494–95
faithfulness, 56, 287–88, 570
exhortation to, 442–43
of Gentiles, 312–13
idolatry compared to, 339
fallen angels, 391, 533–34
false apostles, 264, 542
false prophets, 514–15, 524, 564, 624, 736
false teachers, 265, 403, 429, 433, 437, 446, 527
false witnesses, 61, 234
about Judaism, 759–63
family, 92, 135, 139, 191
division of, 143
in Gospels, 610–11
of Jesus, 130, 608, 726
Jewish, in 1st century, 604–8
famine, 245, 549–51
farewell, 206–7
farmers, 185, 327, 444
fasting, 23, 28, 75, 128, 276, 672
Jesus on, 650–51
fathers
children and, 329, 469, 496, 606
God as, 23, 101, 138, 374, 408, 667–68, 762–63
Felix, Antonius, 271–72
festivals, 179, 191, 203, 671–72
Festus, 721
fiction, 7
fig tree, 49, 94, 143, 159
final judgment, 57–58, 525
fire, 516
firstborn, 410, 463, 540
first century Jewish family life, 604–8
first century liturgy, 664–65
first Judean revolt, 587–88, 590, 601, 625
First Passion prediction, 42, 133
fish, 218
flogging, 367, 369
food, 39, 184–85, 315–16, 436–37
blessing for, 342
famine, 245, 549–51
idolatry related to, 335–36, 339–40, 594
Last Supper, 58–59, 100, 160, 205, 651–52, 661, 672, 754
laws about, 593–94, 636, 641–42, 650–51
manna, 189
table fellowship and, 650–53
for thousands, 38, 40, 82–83, 85–86, 132, 188–89
fools, 367–68, 371
foot washing, 205
forgiveness, 45, 150–51, 243, 250, 520
Four-Source Hypothesis, 3
Fourth Passion prediction, 58
fulfillment, scripture, 99, 130, 707–8, 727–30

G

Gabriel, 110, 684–85
Gaius, 323, 530
Galatians, Letter of Paul to, 373–87, 706
authorship of, 373
locations in, 375
postscript in, 386–87
salutation in, 374
Galilee, 17, 119, 122, 663, 721
Galilee boat, 600
Gamaliel, 232–33, 457, 653
Gehenna, 688
Geiger, Abraham, 737–41
gematria, 11, 550
gender, 288, 607, 611–14
head covering and, 340
prophets and, 340–41
genealogy, 12, 433, 450, 708
of Jesus, 11, 117–18
of Timothy, 487–88, 639
General Epistles, 283–84, 489
generosity, 345, 364–65
Genesis Rabbah, 591
Gentiles, 85, 108, 287
in Acts, of the Apostles, 220
culpability of, 289
faithfulness of, 312–13
Holy Spirit to, 253
impurity of, 642–43
Jesus’ mission without, 29–30, 118, 243–44
Jews related to, 286, 280, 309–10, 281, 412, 579, 633–34, 640–45
Mark, Gospel of, on, 4, 67–68
righteousness of, 127
Romans, Letter of Paul to, for, 285–320
rules for, 254–55
universalism with, 640–41, 763 See also circumcision; conversion
gēr. See conversion
German Bible translation, 701
German Protestantism, 742
Gethsemane, 60–61, 101
glorification, 302–3
Glory (divine being), 683, 688
Gnosticism, 451, 631, 755
God, 45, 186–87, 199, 251, 320, 336
attention from, 138–39
children of, 523–26
Christ as, 541, 682–83
face of, 370, 528, 531
faithfulness and, 293–94, 296–97, 281, 281, 323, 354–55, 442
as Father, 23, 101, 138, 374, 408, 667–68, 762–63
image of, 350, 359
imitation of, 727
of Israel, 303–6, 386–87
knowledge of, 521
names of, 529
oath of, 474–75
prophets and, 575
servant of, 449
slavery and, 298, 300, 456–57
Son of, 71, 111, 176, 286, 462–63
turn to, 420–21
“Word” of, 689–90
wrath of, 288, 516 See also Kingdom of God
“God-fearers,” 220–21, 543
golden rule, 649–50
Golgotha, 64, 748
good news, 69
Gospels, 459, 607–8
anti-Jewish in, 764–65
chronology, 672
definition, 1
family in, 610–11
genre of, 5–6
literary relationship among, 2–3
reading of, 6
Sanhedrin related to, 603–4
Satan in, 687
as sources, 630–31
Temple system in, 661–62
grace, 354, 389, 418
Graeco-Roman background, 582–83
historiography in, 581
social life in, 580–81
Graeco-Roman culture, 368, 437, 456, 580–81
grafting, 310–11
grain, plucking of, on Sabbath, 75–76
Great Commission, 66
Greece, 264, 268
Greek, 490, 783
of Hebrews, 461
of Matthew, Gospel of, 706–7 See also Septuagint
Greek gods, 251
Greeks, 415
Greenberg, Uri Zvi, 748
Griesbach Hypothesis, 3
guidelines, 760

H

Ha-Am, Aḥad, 749
Habakkuk, 380
Hades, 688
Hagar, 383
Haggadot, 751–52
hair, 340–41
halakhah, 423–24, 737 See also Jewish law
Haman, 63, 751–52
hand washing, 83–84
Hanukkah, 199, 584
harvesting, 185
Hasmonean dynasty, 584–85, 620–21
head covering, 340
healing, 27, 33, 85
by apostles, 88–89, 226–27, 231, 241–42, 256
blindness, 48, 86–87, 92–93, 196–97
of demon possession, 6, 26, 34–35, 43, 79–80, 130–31, 134, 262
hemorrhage, 28, 80–81, 131, 761
Jairus's daughter, 80–81, 131–32
leprosy, 25, 123, 151
on Sabbath, 76, 120, 144–45, 186
hearing, 492
heart, 390, 523
circumcision of, 291, 673
Hebrew Bible and, 357, 492
purity of, 445
word related to, 490
heavenly cult, 553
heavenly journeys, 469
heavenly throne, 547, 549
heavens, 15, 142, 389, 391, 447
Jerusalem related to, 383–84, 483
seven, 370
Hebrew, 701–2
Hebrew Bible (Tanakh, Torah), 20, 42, 69, 171–72, 648
Christ related to, 361, 412
heart and, 357, 492
Jesus and, 83, 194, 725–27
permanence of, 149–50
on Sabbath, 124
slavery in, 456–57
validity of, 37, 474
Hebrew Catholics, 757
Hebrews, Letter to, 460–88, 714
Hekhalot, 541
hell, 20, 515, 688
Hellenism, 618
Judaism and, 580–83
Hellenists, 233, 453
hemorrhage, 28, 80–81, 131, 761
heresy, 640
Herod Antipas, 13–14, 117, 163, 587
death of, 247
John the Baptist and, 719
Parthians and, 585–86
Herod the Great, 470, 678
Jerusalem Temple expansion by, 658
Josephus on, 720
heroes, 484
of faith, 481–82, 490
Hexapla, 705
hierarchies, 395, 407
high priests, 466, 601, 616
authority of, 470
Hasmonean dynasty and, 584–85
Messianic movements and, 626–27
qualifications for, 469–70
Hillel, R., 126, 206, 333, 656
historiocity, 7–8
historiography, 7, 581
history, 5–7, 219, 579
of canon, 695
Jesus in, 628–33, 737–40
Jewish, (331 BCE–135 CE), 583–89
Judaism study in, 737–38
Messianic movements in, 628
holiness, 726
Holocaust, 750, 753
Holy Bible: Contemporary English Version (CEV), 703
Holy kiss, 372, 426
Holy of Holies, 476
Holy Spirit, 71, 73, 193, 226, 281, 420
blasphemy against, 141
on disciples, 221
to Gentiles, 253
gifts from, 343–44
at Pentecost, 223–24
prophecies and, 77
homosexuality, 433, 534
Honi, 718
hospitality, 528
household codes, 395–97, 416–17, 505–9
house of judgment (bet din), 602
houses, 599–600
human wisdom, 324–26
humility, 145, 291–92, 400, 414, 509–10
husbands, 396
hymns, 402, 407, 410–11, 564
hypocrites, 22, 53, 84, 122, 291

I

idleness, 430–31
idolatry, 236–37, 251–52, 395, 497
food related to, 335–36, 339–40, 594
Roman emperors and, 288–89
Idumeans, 597
Ignatius, 9, 455, 695–96
immersion, 595–96, 600 See also baptism
imprisonment, 399–400
escapes from, 231, 246, 257
of John the Baptist, 117
impurity
of Gentiles, 642–43
moral, 675
ritual, 123, 675, 761
incense offering, 109, 549, 553
inheritance, 500–501
innocence, 89–90
intercession, 303
intermarriage, 334, 642
interpretation (pesher), 711, 729, 734, 760
Ioudaios (Jew, Judean), 421, 452, 599
conversion of, 596–97, 643–44, 647
ethno-geography of, 592, 596–98 See also Jews
Irenaeus of Lyon, 696
Isaac, 384, 495
Isaiah, 119, 239, 311, 466, 547
LXX and, 700, 706
suffering servant of, 503, 728–29
Ishmael, R., 438, 440
Islam, 735
Israel, 595, 739
body as, 344
callus for, 311–12
God of, 303–6, 386–87
in LXX, 469
Messiah and, 221–22
negatives from, 338–39
preservation of, 308–11
stumbling of, 304–5, 308–9
Israeli archaeology, 599–602

J

Jacob, 177, 184, 304
Jairus, daughter's healing, 80–81, 131–32
James, 48, 231–32, 254, 533, 719, 732
James, Letter of, 283, 489–99
Jeremiah, 723
Jerusalem, 54, 589
council in, 252–55
destruction of, 159
heaven related to, 383–84, 483
lament over, 145, 156
Paul in, 241, 266
procession into, 155–56
rebuilding of, 591
without Temple, 573–74
Jerusalem Temple, 167, 231, 259, 476, 616, 660
angels related to, 537, 540, 563
centrality of, 594–95, 720
crucifixion related to, 65, 104–5
destruction of, 54–55, 97–98, 158, 234, 427, 460, 590–91
disruption in, 156
heavenly cult and, 553
idolatry of, 237
Jerusalem without, 573–74
Jesus in, 115, 118, 752–53
money changers in, 49, 94
Pharisees and, 620–21
prayer in, 667
revolts related to, 588–89
Roman emperors related to, 587–88, 590, 641
sacrifice and, 658–62
system in, 661–62, 763
tax, 43–44
violations in, 429, 643
Jesus, 444, 463, 682
Abraham related to, 11
arrest of, 101–2, 161–62, 212
ascension of, 166, 181, 221–22, 400
authority of, 32–33, 49–50, 72, 94, 156, 178–79, 204
baptism of, 15–16, 69, 71, 117
belief in, Jewish responses to, 730–33
birth of, 113, 728, 731
burial of, 677–80
Canaanite woman and, 40
circumcision of, 108, 114
condemnation of, 163, 214
cry of dereliction of, 103
cursing, 343
David and, 10, 52
on divorce, 609, 712–13, 762
exaltation of, 465
faith in, 34–36
family of, 130, 608, 726
on fasting, 650–51
feet, anointing of, 202–3
festivals and, 179
final instructions of, 31
genealogy of, 11, 117–18
Hebrew Bible and, 83, 194
In Hebrew culture, 747–50
in history, 628–33, 737–40
in Jerusalem Temple, 115, 118, 752–53
John's questions to, 31–32
John the Baptist and, 128, 675–76
law and, 656–57
as Lord, 93, 110, 374, 408–9, 490
as mediator, 475–76
in medieval Jewish tradition, 735–36
as Messiah, 623
missions of, 29–30, 73, 118, 243–44
in modern Jewish thought, 736–41
Moses compared to, 9–10, 25, 42, 66, 83, 88, 97, 135, 175, 197–98, 467
Paul compared to, 266, 268–69, 277
Pharisees and, 52–53, 621–22, 737–38
before Pilate, 63–64, 103–4, 214
on prayer, 22
presentation of, 114, 632–33
priesthood related to, 474
prophets and, 286
in rabbinic tradition, 734
revolts related to, 592
rich young man and, 46–47
on Sabbath, 10, 33, 670–71, 726
sacrifice related to, 479–80, 487, 659–60
second rejection of, 81
as shekhinah, 10
stilling the storm by, 27, 79, 130
teaching of, 35–36
temptation of, 17, 71, 118–19
on three cities, 32
titles for, 185
Torah and, 83, 194, 725–27
in tradition, 734–36
triumphal entry of, 48–49
women and, 611–12, 740
Yiddish culture and, 747–50 See also healing; parables
Jesus, death of, 199
as ransom, 68, 90
responsibility for, 10, 63–64, 103–4, 108, 224–25, 227–30 See also crucifixion
Jewish arts, 665–66, 750–54
Jewish-Christian relations, 579, 763, 767
anti-Jewish teachings and, 764–65
dialogue for, 765–66
Jewish Christians, 579, 637–40, 763–67
Jewish family life, 1st century, 604–8
Jewish history, (331 BCE–135 CE), 583–89
Jewish law (halakhah), 352–53, 543–44
Jewish leaders conspiracy, 58
Jewish liturgy, 353–54
Jewish miracle workers, 680–82
Jewish movements, 614–19
Jewishness, 592–99
Jewish ritual, 407–8, 412–14
Jewish teachers, 290–91
Jewish theology, 427
Jewish tradition, 744–47, 750–51
Jews (Ioudaios)
authority of, 314
confrontation with, 194–96
contemporary, 598–99
diatribe against, 421
disbelief of, 262
enmity of, 250
food of, 315–16
Gentiles related to, 118, 243–44, 286, 280, 309–10, 281, 412, 579, 633–34, 640–45
Greeks and, 415
Paul and, 251, 255, 258–61, 265, 268, 280, 638
righteousness of, 280
in Rome, 260–61
salvation and, 184, 279, 637
Scripture and, 303 See also Judaism
Jews for Jesus, 757
Job, 692
Johanan, R., 438
Johannine community, 168–70, 518, 529
John, 48
questions for Jesus by, 31–32
John, First Letter of, 518–26
John, Gospel According to, 4, 168–218, 604–5
anti-Jewish in, 172–73
authenticity of, 169–70, 630–31
authorship of, 170
cosmology in, 173, 688–91
disciples in, 173–74
epilogue of, 217–18
geography of, 180
healing in, 185–86, 196–97
Judaism in, 168, 171–72
prologue of, 174–75, 211
Samaritan and, 172
signs in, 169, 173, 178, 185–86, 188, 192, 196–97, 200
testimonia in, 728–29
John, Revelation to, 536–75
John, Second Letter of, 527–28
John, Third Letter of, 529–31
John the Baptist, 14–15, 32, 69, 71, 618
annunciation of, 109–10
beheading of, 37–38, 82
birth of, 112
circumcision of, 108
Herod Antipas and, 719
imprisonment of, 117
Jesus and, 128, 675–76
Josephus on, 719
teaching of, 116–17, 624–25
testimony of, 175–76
Jonah, 139–40
Joseph, 105, 235, 249
Messiah son of, 627
Joseph of Arimathea, 678
Josephus, 8, 38, 116–17, 122, 232, 717–21
on Essenes, 615
on Herod the Great, 720
on Jesus, 629, 718–19
panegyric of, 593
on Pilate, 586, 720
on prophets, 624–25, 718
rhetoric from, 582
on Samaritans, 721
Sanhedrin related to, 603–4
on Torah-reading, 664–65
on traditions, 376
translations of, 782
Joshua son of Nun, 442–43
Judah, 280, 474
Judah, R., 648
Judaism
angels and, 532
Christian claims and, 724–27
Christianity compared to, 725
false witness about, 759–63
Hellenism and, 580–83
Jewishness and, 592–99
in John, Gospel According to, 168, 171–72
laws of, 593–94
love and, 345–46
messianic, 756–59
myths and, 451–52
Judaizers, 450, 638–39
Judaizing, 634
Judas Iscariot, 160–61, 191, 211
betrayal by, 58–60
death of, 58
devil and, 205–6
Jude, Letter of, 532–35
Judean, 597–98
Judean revolts
first, 587–88, 590, 601, 625
second, 589, 591–92
judgment, 20, 24, 126, 187, 204, 447, 602
angels and, 555–556, 562
divine, 469
eschatology and, 328
final, 57–58, 525
impartiality in, 493–94
last, 571–72
warning about, 480, 497
Julius Caesar, 449
justice, 292
Justin Martyr, 1, 696, 700
on resurrection, 730–31

K

Kabbalah, 746
Kaddish, 667–68
Käsemann, Ernst, 632
keys of kingdom, 40–41
Kimchi, David, R., 503
king, 434
God related to, 45
Jesus as, 213–14
Kingdom of God, 71–72, 151, 238
parables and, 78–79
suffering and, 252
kingdoms, 540, 557
race for, 338
King James Version (KJV), 699–701
kinship, 323
Klausner, Joseph, 749
knowledge, 356, 521
koinē (common Greek), 706
Kosiva, Simon bar. See Bar Kochba rebellion

L

laborers, 29–30, 135, 422, 431
lamb, 176–77, 215, 342
Lamb, 553
Rome against, 567
Lamentations, 708
land-monster, 560–61
languages, 224, 580
of New Testament, 699–703
of Revelation, 537–38
of sacrifice, 535
Laodicea, 412, 546
Last Rites, 499
Last Supper
chronology and, 672
end-time related to, 651–52
food of, 58–59, 100, 160, 205, 651–52, 661, 672, 754
in Mark, Gospel of, 100
sacrifice and, 661
Late Antiquity, 665–66
Latin, 700–701
law (nomos), 433, 453–54, 655, 658
ancestral, 268
body and, 301
circumcision and, 289–90, 396, 593, 634
covenant and, 380–81
curse of, 380
faith compared to, 378–80
about food, 593–94, 636, 641–42, 650–51
Jesus and, 656–57
about neighbor, 646–48
Paul and, 657
and Pharisees, 615–16, 618
purpose of, 381
term usage of, 701–2 See also Hebrew Bible
“lawless one,” 427, 429
lawsuits, 330–31
lawyers, 187, 271
laying of hands, 443–44, 472
Lazarus, 150, 200–202, 694
leaders, 58, 399
advice for, 439
of church, 435–36
criticism of, 314
household codes and, 395–97, 416–17
in synagogues, 663–64, 668–69
leaven, 330, 384
legalism, 285
leprosy, 25, 123, 151
Letter of Aristeas, 703–5
“letter of tears,” 355–56
Levi, 473–74
Leviathan, 559
Levites, 136–37
priesthood of, 461, 473
Leviticus 19, 646–47, 649–50
life
baptism and, 414–15
covenant and, 207
resurrection, 201
on Sabbath, 55
by Spirit, 385
of water, 574
light, 24, 350, 440, 492, 574
children of, 711–12
darkness and, 395–96, 409–10, 425, 519
litigation, 143
liturgy, 695
“living creatures,” 547–48
locusts, 554–55
logos, 519
Lord
day of, 429–30
Jesus as, 93, 110, 374, 408–9, 490
as Messiah, 322
prayer of, 23, 138
Lord's Prayer, 23, 138
Lord's Supper, 341–42
love (agapē), 52, 126, 136–37, 218, 424
as commandment, 518–19
covenant of, 761
faith and, 384, 507
Judaism and, 345–46
mutual, 528
of neighbor, 314–15, 528, 645–48
Paul on, 321, 355, 412
Luke, Gospel According to, 3, 7, 107–167, 603
authorship of, 107
feeding thousands in, 132
geography of, 121
Pharisees in, 122
prologue of, 109
Transfiguration in, 133–34
Luther, Martin, 285, 676, 698
LXX. See Septuagint
Lycaonia, 251
Lydia, 256
Lystra, 251–52

M

Maccabean Revolt, 97, 584, 693
Maccabees, 470, 506
2 Maccabees, 592–93
Macedonia, 264
Magdala synagogue, 663
Magdalene, Mary, 65, 128–29, 216–17, 611, 613, 631
magic, 238, 262, 680–82
amulet, 544
Magnificat, 667
Maimonides, Moses, 481, 486, 695, 736
Malta, 278
Manasseh (king), 484
manna, 189
Manoah, 684
Marcion, 520
Mark, 417
Mark, Gospel of, 2–3, 67–106, 603–4, 754
authorship of, 67
endings of, 106
feeding thousands, 82–83
on Gentiles, 4, 67–68
geography of, 70
Last Supper in, 100
messianic secret in, 68
scripture fulfillments in, 99
Son of Man in, 74, 686
stilling the storm in, 79
walking on water in, 83
marriage, 38, 82, 110, 506–7, 611, 613–14
age for, 605–6, 608
children and, 610
intermarriage, 334, 642
levirate, 157, 610
money and, 608–9
remarriage, 150, 334, 435–36, 438, 451
sexuality in, 332–33
marriage supper, 569–70
Martha, 137, 200, 611–12
martyrdom, 523, 552
martyrs, 506, 523
Mary (mother of Jesus), 12–13, 609, 611, 754
in Jewish tradition, 744–47, 750–51
Magnificat of, 667
miracles by, 746
name of, 178
visitation of, 111
as witness, 65
Mary, mother of James and Joseph, 65
materiality, 497
Matthew, Gospel According to, 3–66, 603–4
authorship of, 9
baptism in, 15–16
Beatitudes in, 18–19
compassion in, 31
Deuteronomy in, 17
disciples in, 18
ethics in, 21, 24–25
flight to Egypt in, 14
genealogy in, 11–12
geography of, 16
Greek of, 706–7
Hebrew prophecy in, 13, 639, 708–9
Kingdom of Heaven in, 15
Lord's Prayer in, 23
Magi in, 13–14
Peter in, 40
piety in, 22
sexual ethics in, 21
testimonia in, 728
Torah in, 20, 648
Matthias, 222–23
measurement, 573
mediator, 435, 475–76
medieval period, 733, 735–36
Mekhilta, 674, 693–94
Melchizedek, 470–71, 473–75
memory, 5–6, 458
Memra (“Word” of God), 689–90
Menasya, Simeon B., R., 124–25
merciful, 494
mercy, 535
meshalim. See parables
Messiah, 736, 762
from David, 10–12, 69, 96, 204, 281, 441, 462, 622–23, 627
in Dead Sea scrolls, 626–27, 712
Elijah and, 42–43, 175–76
Hebrew Bible and, 69
hidden, 192
identity of, 325
Israel and, 221–22
Jesus as, 623
Lord as, 322
prophecies about, 188
salvation and, 412–13, 453, 725
Samaritans and, 184
suffering of, 166–67
Messianic Judaism, 756–59
Messianic movements, 622–23
high priests and, 626–27
in history, 628
prophets in, 624–25
in rabbinic Judaism, 627–28, 733
royalty in, 625–26
messianic secrets, 123
metaphors, 611
for body, 359–60
Metatron, 482, 508, 685
Michael, 532, 534, 558, 623
midrash, 688–91, 710
fulfillment in, 707–8
parables and, 707–710
term use of, 707–9
Miletus, 264
miqva’ot (ritual bathing pools), 599–600
miracles, 118, 231, 722
in Acts of the Apostles, 248, 251, 263, 278
Jewish workers of, 680–82
by Mary, 746
by priests, 681
by rabbis, 682
Miriam, 493, 747
Mishnah, 84, 124, 162, 367, 457, 461–62, 606, 668–69, 724
afterlife in, 693
scriptural fulfillment in, 729–30
missionary instructions, 130
missionary mandate, 120–21
missions, 250
of Jesus, 29–30, 73, 118, 243–44
of Paul, 219, 264, 434
of seventy, 135–36
witnesses and, 411
modern guidelines, 759–63
modern Jewish thought, 736–41
modern terminology, 666
money
for apostles, 337
marriage and, 608–9
money changers, 49, 94
monotheism, 582
monsters, 559–61
morality, 423–24, 657
Moses, 133–34, 166, 228, 234, 441, 563
angels and, 236, 534
divinity of, 715
Exodus and, 235–36, 338, 483
face of, 357–58
Jesus compared to, 9–10, 25, 42, 66, 83, 88, 96, 135, 175, 197–98, 467
Logos related to, 690
obedience and, 467–68
suffering/sin and, 471, 493
Mount of Olives, 155, 161
ascension at, 222
Mount Zion, 486
mourning, 201, 568
Muratorian Canon, 441
Muratorian Fragment, 696–97
mysteries, 429
mystical experience, 370–71
myths, 433, 451–52, 513

N

Nag Hammadi, 782–83
Nahmanides, 495
nails, 601–2
names, 13, 400, 463, 523, 566, 679
on body, 561
of God, 529
of Mary, 178
in prayer, 420
nations, 281, 504–5
salvation of, 311–12
nature, 142
Nazarenes (notzerim), 654
Nazareth, 37, 118–20
Nazism, 632
Nebuchadnezzar (king), 434
Nehemiah, 641
neighbor
concept of, 645–50
love of, 314–15, 645–48
neologism, 528
Nero (emperor), 536, 560
New American Standard Bible (NAS), 700
new earth, 572
New Jewish Publication Society (NJPS), 655
new moon, 413
New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), 655
New Testament
canon of, 695–99
in Jewish arts, 750–53
Jewish-Christian relations and, 763–67
language of, 699–703
Tanakh compared to, 721–24
text of, 698–99
Nicene Creed, 755–56
Nicodemus, 181, 678
nimshal (explanation), 709–10
Noahide commandments, 644–45
nomos. See law
Nostra Aetate, 421, 765–66
notzerim (Nazarenes), 654
numerology, 550

O

oaths, 21, 474–75
obedience, 229, 280, 487
in Christ, 297–98
to commandments, 525
Moses and, 467–68
to rulers, 505
of servants, 505–6
officials, 263
olive tree allegory, 308–12
Onesimus, 455–56, 459
Oral Torah, 658
Origen, 511, 697, 705
original sin, 519–20
Orthodox rabbis, 740
ossuaries, 601–2, 679
Our Father, 23, 138, 667–68
outcasts, 762

P

P52, 2
paganism, 382, 743
paintings, 599
Papias (bishop), 67, 696
parables (meshalim), 708
of bridesmaids, 56
of dishonest manager, 149, 711–12
explanation of, 709–10
of faithful servant, 56
of good Samaritan, 136–37, 648–49, 761
of great dinner, 147
of kingdom, 35
Kingdom of God and, 78–79
of lost coin, 146, 148
of lost sheep, 147–48
of lost son, 148–49
of mustard seed, 36, 144
of Pharisee and tax collector, 146, 152–53
of pounds, 154–55
of prodigal son, 146
of rich man and Lazarus, 150
of sower, 35, 129
of talents, 57
of two sons, 50
of unforgiving servant, 45
of unjust judge and persistent widow, 152–53
of vineyard, 50, 95, 208–9
of vineyard workers, 47
of wedding banquet, 51
of wheat and weeds, 36
of wicked tenants, 156–57, 709
of yeast, 36, 144
paraclete (advocate), 208, 520
parents, 396–97
parousia (“second coming”), 133, 419
Parthians, 585–86
Passion, 206
Passion predictions, 86–87
Passover, 98, 160, 202, 671–72
Haggadot for, 751–52 See also Last Supper
Passover meal, 59–60
Pastoral Epistles, 432
Paul, 7
in Jerusalem, 241, 266
in Jewish Thought, 741–44
on rabbinic literature, 741
trinity and, 326
Paul (Saul), 613–14, 630, 651–53, 738
ambiguity of, 299
with apostles, 376–77
arrest of, 267
in Asia Minor, 247–48
in Athens, 258–59
authenticity of, 369, 373, 376, 635–36
blood cry and, 62
citizenship of, 269
conversion of, 240–41, 274
Dead Sea Scrolls related to, 713
defense summary of, 362
Epistles of, 282–83
as exemplar, 382–83, 446–47
on faith, 287
final appeal of, 362–63
first missionary journey of, 249
Gospels and, 1–2
Jesus compared to, 266, 268–69, 277
in Jewish thought, 741–44
Jews and, 251, 255, 258–61, 265, 268, 280, 638
law and, 657
miracles by, 251
mission of, 219, 264, 434
mystical experience of, 370–71
Nazirite vows related to, 261, 267
Peter and, 378
Pisidian Mission of, 250
plot against, 270–71, 273
reconstruction of, 634–35
in Rome, 279–80
second missionary journey of, 253
suffering of, 265
third missionary journey of, 260
travels of, 241–42
vows related to, 261, 267
voyage to Rome of, 276–79, 277
women and, 613–14, 743 See also specific letters
peace, 485, 531
pearls, 37
Pentacost, 671
Pentateuch, 9, 658 See also Hebrew Bible
Pentecost, 244
Holy Spirit at, 223–24
Pentecost pilgrims, 223
perfection, 464, 545, 726–27
Pergamum, 543
persecutions, 446, 506
of apostles, 246
of disciples, 159
faith and, 428
of prophets, 237
for righteousness, 19
pesher (interpretation), 711, 729, 734, 760
Pesiqta Rabbat, 627
Peter (Cephas, Simon), 18, 201, 219, 239
angel and, 246
arrest of, 228
circumcision related to, 244–45, 652
confession of, 87, 133
death of, 513
denial by, 60, 62, 101–3, 161, 212, 218
healing by, 226–27, 241–42
in Matthew, Gospel According to, 40
Paul and, 378
power of, 238
revelation of, 522
rock related to, 41, 125, 177
sin of, 122
speeches of, 243–44, 253–54
trial of, 228–29
Peter, First Letter of, 500–510
Peter, Second Letter of, 511–17, 695–96
Pharisees, 10, 125
Christians and, 252–53
invectives against, 140
Jerusalem Temple and, 620–21
law and, 615–16, 618
in Luke, Gospel According to, 122
proof for, 34
resurrection of, 348
Sadducees and, 220, 270, 614–16, 619–20
Sanhedrin and, 202
in Second Temple period, 612–13
sign for, 86
sinners and, 147
tax collectors and, 146, 152–53
women and, 128–29
Philadelphia, 546
Philemon, Letter of Paul to, 455–59
Philip, 239–40
Philip II of Macedon, 398
Philippi, 256–57
Philippians, Letter of Paul to, 398–406
authorship of, 398
Philo of Alexandria, 171, 306–7, 321, 383, 514, 594, 714–17
community related to, 714–16
Hebrews and, 461
influence of, 716–17
on Logos, 688–89, 717
on LXX, 704
on slavery, 452–53, 457
thought of, 715–16
on Torah, 715–16
philosophy, 593–94
Phoebe, 281
piety, 53–54
Pilate, 62, 163
Jesus before, 63–64, 103–4, 214
Pilate, Pontius, 586, 720
Pisidian Mission, 250
plagues, 554–55
Plaskow, Judith, 612
Plato, 340, 451, 478, 715
Pliny the Elder, 281
poetry, 748
pollution, 565–66
Polybius, 581–82
Polycarp, 518, 732
polygyny, 605
polytheism, 582–83
Porcius Festus, 273–75
postscript, 386–87
power, 238
in weakness, 352, 366
Amidah, 668–69
birkat ha-minim, 653–54, 732, 758
circumcision related to, 674
election and, 428
healing with, 498–99
in Jerusalem Temple, 667
Jesus on, 22
Lord's, 23, 138
names in, 420
predictions, 97–98
pregnancy, 557–59, 606, 744–45
presbyter, 527, 529–30
presbyterion, 603–4
priesthood
Aaron related to, 474–75
Jesus related to, 474
of Levites, 461, 473 See also high priests
priests, 136, 281
miracles by, 681
rabbis compared to, 616–17
in Second Temple, 667
Prisca, 351
proclamation, 324
proof-texts, 727–30
prophecies, 62, 93–94, 227–28, 313, 513
about Elijah, 88, 110
Holy Spirit and, 77
about Messiah, 188
speaking in tongues compared to, 346
warnings about, 575
water and, 78
written, 540
prophecy, 540
prophets, 50–51, 54, 112, 189, 556
beliefs in, 275
false, 514–15, 524, 564, 624, 736
gender roles and, 340–41
God and, 575
Jesus and, 286
Josephus on, 624–25, 718
in Messianic movements, 624–25
persecution of, 237
salvation related to, 502
suffering of, 484, 498
women, 115
protection, 674
Protestantism, 373, 676, 698, 701, 742, 766
Proverbs, 313
Psalm 22, 103, 466
Psalm 95, 467–68
Psalms, 281, 475, 479–80
Pseudepigrapha, 782
Pseudo-Dionysius, 685
pseudonymous compositions, 282
Ptolemies, 583
punishment, 515, 570
angels of, 555
purification
of baptism, 176, 674–76
sacrifices for, 659–60
of soul, 503
from water, 69, 71, 323
purity, 363, 600
of community, 329–30
of heart, 445
ritual impurity, 123

Q

Quelle (Q), 3
Qumran community, 240, 327, 416, 533, 553, 565
bonds in, 428, 713–14
as Essenes, 614–15
excavation of, 600
Sadducees compared to, 616–19, 619
Temple scroll of, 573

R

rabbinic Judaism, 357, 451, 461, 657–58
covenant and, 723–24
Messianic movements in, 627–28, 733
on sin, 361
rabbinic literature, 724–27
on Paul, 741
rabbis, 88, 188, 734
miracles by, 682
Orthodox, 740
priests compared to, 616–17
race, 504
Rahab, 483–84, 495
Rashi, 294, 495
“realized eschatology,” 187
rebirth, 390–92
redemption, 324, 410, 628
rejectionism, 764
religious practice, 579
remarriage, 150, 334, 435–36, 438, 451
reparation offering, 660
repentance (teshuvah), 34, 226, 508
atonement and, 524
baptism of, 71
replacement theology, 763–64
resurrection, 95, 193, 274, 286, 444, 556–57, 691–95
appearances after, 105–6
ascension and, 221
body in, 349–51
of dead, 30, 38, 82, 193, 200–202, 419, 421
disciples and, 217
Jerusalem Temple and, 179
Justin Martyr on, 730–31
Lazarus in, 200
life and, 201
of Pharisees, 348
raising the dead as, 82, 201–2
recognition in, 166–67
as resurrection, 82
Sadducees and, 51–52, 96
of saints, 570–71
in tradition, 347–48
women at, 216–17
revelation, 346–47
of Peter, 522
voice of, 203–4, 513
Revelation, 284
Revelation, to John, 536–75, 722
Ezekiel and, 547–48, 561, 572–73
famine in, 549–51
land-monster in, 560–61
language of, 537–38
numerology of, 550
seven seals, 547–49
Revised Standard Version (RSV), 700
revolts, 587, 590–92, 601
of Diaspora Jews, 588–91
Jerusalem Temple related to, 588–89
reward, 528
rhetoric, 581–82
righteousness, 57–58, 285, 288, 512
of children, 302
death and, 164–65, 550–51
of Gentiles, 127
of Jews, 280
persecution for, 19
righteous remnant, 144
rights, 336–37
ritual bathing pools (miqva’ot), 599–600
Roman citizens, 257, 581
Roman emperors, 587–88, 590, 641
Roman Empire, 457
Roman rule, 585–86
Diaspora revolt against, 588–91
first Judean revolt against, 587–88, 590, 601, 625
second Judean revolt against, 589, 591–92
Romans, 279
divinities of, 582
Romans, Letter of Paul to, 286–318
authorship of, 285
commendations in, 319–20
for Gentiles, 285–86
Rome, 113, 565–68
Babylon as, 510
Jews in, 260–61
against Lamb, 567
Paul in, 279–80
taxes for, 51
Rosh Ha-Shanah, 479, 525

S

Sabbath, 125, 593
burial and, 105
Dead Sea Scrolls on, 468–69
healing on, 76, 120, 144–45, 186
Hebrew Bible on, 124
Jesus on, 10, 33, 670–71, 726
life on, 55
plucking grain on, 75–76
trials on, 197
Sabbath hymns, 564
sackcloth, 556
Sacks, Jonathan, 742
sacrifice, 446–47
atonement and, 293, 477–78, 524
for emperor's health, 434
Jerusalem Temple and, 658–62
Jesus related to, 479–80, 487, 659–60
language of, 535
Last Supper and, 661
sins and, 479–80
types of, 659–60
Sadducees, 41
afterlife related to, 691–92
Pharisees and, 220, 270, 614–16, 619–20
Qumran community compared to, 616–19, 619
resurrection and, 51–52, 96
saints, 281, 372, 408, 438, 562
resurrection of, 570–71
salutation, 322, 353, 374, 450
salvation, 220, 311–12, 390, 411
of dead, 424–25
impiety and, 532
Jews and, 184, 279, 637
Messiah and, 412–13, 453, 725
prophets related to, 502
protection as, 674
“Salvation history,” 7
Samaritans, 134–35, 196, 238
John, Gospel According to, and, 172
Josephus on, 721
Messiah and, 184
women as, 183
Samuel, 228
sanctification, 211–12, 430
Sanhedrin, 602–4
Pharisees and, 202
Sanhedrin trial, 102, 162
Sarah, 383, 506–7
Sardis, 545
Satan, 77, 118, 356, 422, 434
conversion and, 275
in Dead Sea Scrolls, 686–87
defeat of, 558–59, 571
in Gospels, 687
sin related to, 430
as supernatural being, 686–88
synagogues of, 542–43
as women, 368–69
Savior, 449, 451
schism, 518
Schweitzer, Albert, 631
scribes, 26, 37, 53–54, 74, 193
poor widow compared to, 96–97
scripture, 446–47, 630
public reading of, 437
scripture fulfillment, 99, 130, 707–8, 727–30
scroll, 547–52
eating related to, 556
trumpets and, 553–56
seals, 561
“second coming” (parousia), 133, 419
Second Passion prediction, 43, 89, 134
Second Temple period, 331
conversion in, 595–96
Jewish miracles workers in, 680–82
Pharisees in, 612–13
priests in, 667
synagogues in, 663–64
secrets, 411
Seleucids, 583–84
self-control, 512
Sepphoris, 599
Septuagint (LXX), 4–5, 221, 378, 441, 489, 500, 655, 699, 703–07
authority of, 704, 707
canon of, 704–5
Christ hymn in, 410–11
Isaiah and, 700, 706
Israel in, 469
Letter of Aristeas on, 703–5
MT compared to, 476
Philo of Alexandria on, 704
sojourners in, 56
Sermon on the Mount, 15, 726
serpent, 558
servants, 26, 45, 56, 449
obedience of, 505–6
service, 151, 459, 464
seven, 536, 550
seven angels, 539, 541
seven churches, 545
seven congregations, 542
seven eyes, 549
seven seals, 547–49, 553
sexuality, 21, 433, 534, 543, 609
in marriage, 332–33
vices in, 331–32, 485
of women, 544 See also celibacy
shame, 44, 399–400, 443
of crucifixion, 103–4, 633
Shavuot, 223–24, 774f
shekhinah (divine presence), 10, 110, 175, 746
ha-Shem, 529
Shema, 294, 280, 389, 668–69
Sheol, 225
shepherds, 113–14, 198, 509
shrines, 263
Sicarii, 615, 617–18
signs, 324
Simeon, 114–15
Simon. See Peter
Sinaitic covenant, 465
singing, 402, 547, 549
over Babylon, 567
sinners, 18–28
sin-offering, 301
sins, 122, 292, 394–96, 472, 477
of Adam, 297, 299–300
death and, 297–300
disease related to, 163, 198
eternal life and, 526
faith and, 209–10
forgiveness, 45, 150–51, 243, 250, 520
of Peter, 122
rabbinic Judaism on, 361
rebirth from, 390–92
sacrifice and, 479–80
Satan related to, 430
skin disease, 73
slavery, 127, 331, 334–35
of children, 605
conduct with, 397, 416–17
God and, 298, 300, 456–57
in Graeco-Roman culture, 456
in Hebrew Bible, 456–57
Onesimus and, 455–56, 459
Philo on, 452–53, 457
in Roman Empire, 457
Smyrna, 542
social life, 580–81 See also marriage
Socrates, 379
Sodom and Gomorrah, 515
soldiers, 406
Solomon (king), 249
Song of Moses, 563
Song of Solomon, 746
Song of Songs, 345, 750–51
Son of God, 71, 111, 176, 286, 462–63
Son of Man, 55–56, 74, 76, 177, 686
Sophia, 690–91
sorcery, 568, 736
soul, 691
body and, 363
purification of, 503 See also resurrection
speaking in tongues, 322, 343, 346
“Speak Truth” (Dabru Emet), 766
speech, 395, 482, 493
evil and, 495–97
speeches, 243–44, 253–54
spices, 216
Spinoza, Baruch, 742
Spirit, 30, 208, 266, 426, 436
in Acts of the Apostles, 223–24
flesh compared to, 326–27
life by, 385
wisdom as, 325
of world, 325–26 See also Holy Spirit
Spirit-enabled life, 301–2
spiritual wisdom, 409
stars, 544, 554, 722
Stephen, 233–36
stoning of, 237
stereotypes, 760–63
stigmata, 387
stilling the storm, 27, 79, 130
stoning, 231, 237, 367, 369
storm, 563
Story of Jesus (Toledot Yeshu), 735–36, 741–42
students, 362, 442, 459
submission, 388, 395, 432
subordinationism, 326
suffering, 166, 411, 752
belief and, 359–60
as discipline, 485
faith and, 501–2
Kingdom of God and, 252
of Messiah, 166–67
of Paul, 265
perfection through, 464, 471
of prophets, 484, 498
suffering servant, 26, 67–68, 90, 227, 503, 723, 728–29
Sukkoth (Booths), 192–93, 447, 671
sun, 551
“super-apostles,” 352, 368
supernatural beings, 682–88 See also angels; Satan
supersessionist theology, 461–62, 763–66
Sylvanus, 500
synagogues, 18, 72, 662–666, 732
art in, 665–66
centrality of, 666
first century liturgy in, 664–65
in Late Antiquity, 665–66
late second Temple period, 663–64
leaders in, 663–64, 668–69
modern terminology on, 666
(pre-70 CE) Diaspora, 664
of Satan, 542–43
in Second Temple period, 663–64
women and, 527–28, 664
Synoptics, 4, 168, 182
Syrophoenician woman, 85

T

tabernacle, 658
Tabernacles, festival of, 191, 203
table fellowship, 124, 650–53
Tacitus, 391, 595, 629–30
Talmud, 782
on conduct, 395
Tanakh, 721–24, 731 See also Hebrew Bible
Targumim, 689–90
tax collectors, 27–28, 108, 117
Pharisees and, 146, 152–53
taxes, 157
to Caesar, 51, 95
Temple, 43–44
teachings, 764–65
of Jesus, 35–36
of John the Baptist, 116–17, 624–25
Temple, Second, 658
priests in, 667
system in, 661–62
temples, 336
Temple scroll, 573
temptation, 17, 71, 118–19, 491–92
Ten Commandments, 357–58
Tertullian, 32, 676
Tertullus, 271–72
teshuvah. See repentance
Testament of Judah, 712
testify, 530
testimonia, 727–28
testimony, 569
thanksgiving, 322–23, 390, 399, 408–9, 420
brother in, 458
theocracy, 593
Thessalonians, 422–23
Thessalonians, First Letter of Paul to, 419–26
Thessalonians, Second Letter of Paul to, 427–31
Thessalonica, 257–58
thief, 545
third Gospel. See Luke, Gospel According to
Third Passion prediction, 47–48, 92, 154
Thomas, 200–201, 217
Gospel of, 631
throne, 547, 549
Thucydides, 8, 581–82
time, 669–72
Timothy, 255, 399, 401, 408, 423
genealogy of, 487–88, 639
Timothy, First Letter of Paul to, 432–40
Timothy, Second Letter of Paul to, 441–48
Tindal, Matthew, 631
Titus, 365, 376–77
Titus, Letter of Paul to, 449–54
Toledot Yeshu (Story of Jesus), 735–36, 741–42
tolerance, 732–33
tomb, 65–66
Torah, 378, 380, 383, 655–56, 760–61
from angels, 464–65
Christ related to, 280, 361, 412
Jesus and, 83, 194, 725–27
Paul's criticism of, 373
Philo on, 715–16
reading from, 664–65
summary of, 385
yoke of, 384 See also Hebrew Bible
tractates
of Mishnah, Talmud, Tosefta
traditions
of elders, 39, 84, 458
Jesus in, 734–36
Josephus on, 376
oral, 630
resurrection in, 347–48
Transfiguration, 40, 42, 87, 105–6
in Luke, Gospel According to, 133–34
translations, 358, 701, 782–83
transubstantiation, 677
treasure, 142
trees, 78–79
Trinity, 66, 382
Christology and, 756
Paul and, 326
triumphal entry, 48–49
trumpets, 553–56
truth, 207–8
false teachers and, 527
Truth, 492
twelve, 77, 80–81, 125, 550
twelve foundations, 572–73
twelve tribes, 552
Tychicus, 454

U

unclean spirit, 72–73, 79–80
unity, 366, 392, 400
amid diversity, 393–94, 415
universalism, 640–41, 763

V

Vatican II, 421
Vespasian (general, emperor), 588, 590
vices, 331–32, 424
vineyard workers, 47
violence, 126
virginal conception, 731, 744–45
virgins, 335
virtue, 512
visionary literature, 536–37
visions, 171–72, 269
voice, 203–4, 513
Vulgate, 700–701

W

walking on water, 38–40, 83, 189
warnings, 431, 485–86
about prophecies, 575
washing hands, 83–84
watchfulness, 142–43
water, 78, 192
angels of, 564
blood and, 525–26
immersion in, 595–96
of life, 574
purification from, 69, 71, 323
walking on, 38–40, 83, 189 See also baptism
Way, 240, 244, 272
weakness, 281
wealth, 23–24, 46–47, 125, 328, 440
rulers and, 153–54
warnings against, 141–42, 491, 498
weddings, 178, 609–10
weeks, 670
well-being sacrifices, 659
white robes, 552
whole-burnt offerings, 659
whores, 566–68
widows, 96–97, 152–53, 233, 438
widow's offering, 158
widow's son, 127–28
wilderness, 116
wine, 281, 396
wisdom, 349, 409, 412, 491
divine, 323–26, 402
Wisdom (divine being), 683
witnesses, 81, 443
mission and, 411
wives, 396, 416
women, 11, 40, 451, 537, 761–62
anointing by, 99
burial and, 165
in Corinthians, First Letter of Paul to, 321
at crucifixion, 215
dissension among, 405
education of, 607
as evangelists, 66
freedoms of, 107
with hemorrhage, 28, 80–81, 131, 761
Jesus and, 611–12, 740
Paul and, 613–14, 743
Pharisees and, 128–29
pollution of, 565–66
pregnancy and, 557–59
prophets, 115
at resurrection, 216–17
Samaritan, 183
Satan as, 368–69
sexuality of, 544
submission of, 432, 435, 614
synagogues and, 527–28, 664
Syrophoenician, 85
whores as, 566–68
widows, 96–97, 152–53, 233, 438
as witnesses, 65, 105
as wives, 347, 396 See also marriage
Word, 174–75
as warrior, 570
“Word” of God. See Memra
works, 379, 489, 494–95
works-righteousness, 285
world, 465, 521
foundation of, 560
Spirit of, 325–26
worship, 371, 414, 569
wrath, 288, 516
Wrede, William, 68
written Torah, 655–56, 658

Y

Yahoel, 685
yeast, 41, 86
Yehoshua, R., 445
Yiddish, 702–3, 747–50
Yizkor, 458
Yohanan the Sandal-Maker, R., 233
yoke, 253–54
Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), 276, 363, 466, 477–78, 524

Z

Zacchaeus, 154
Zealots, 376
Zebedee sons, 48, 170
Zechariah, 109, 112
Zionism, 739, 749
zodiac, 665–66